UMTS Radio Theory

ZTE University
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 Radio Propagation Characteristics
 Spreading Technology
 Channel Coding
 Interleave Technology
 Modulation
 WCDMA Radio mechanism
Multi-path characteristics of radio channel
 Electromagnetic propagation:
--direct radiation、reflection、diffraction and scattering
 Signal attenuation:
 Path loss： Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread

reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading。

 Slow fading：Loss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the
propagation path
 Fast fading：Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens
wavelength ranges
 Description of Fast fading distribution
 Rayleigh distribution：non line-of –sight(NLOS) transmission

 Rician distribution：line-of –sight(LOS) transmission

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal

0 time
Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference dithering

0  2 3  + 
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal

delay fading
-25dB
0dB

0   + 
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal

Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile ，that

is Doppler effect
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 Radio Propagation Characteristics
 Spreading Technology
 Channel Coding
 Interleave Technology
 Modulation
 WCDMA Radio mechanism
Spread Spectrum Principles
SHANON Formula

C = Blog2(1+S/N)

 Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W

 It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

communications.
Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is “Spread” Over a Larger Bandwidth

30 KHz
1.25 MHz
Spread Spectrum Principles

Despreading
Spreading radio channel

Noise

Transmitter Receiver

 User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)
 Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
 For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s、 Rb(voice)=12kbit/s
Spread Spectrum Principles
S（f） S（f）

signal
signal

f0 f0 f
f
Before spreading After spreading

S（f） S（f）

White noise signal

signal White noise

f0 f f0 f
After despreading
Before despreading

signal interference White noise

DS-SS communication system

 A technology of transmission after spreading

signal spectrum.
Wideband
Signal

Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered

TX RX

Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

“spread” and then added together to
create a “composite signal”
Spread Spectrum Principles
 Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received
composite signal by using the “right” orthogonal code
 Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than
interference and noise

Processing Gain

Broadband
Interference

Unwanted Power from

Other Resoures
Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Mul -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Mul +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Sum 0 Sum -2

Orthogonal Non-orthogonal

Orthogonal—
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0
Example of orthogonal code

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
MUL MUL
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

-4 4 -1 1
Integral Judge
0 0
Direct spread technique

S1 S1xC1

W
Spreading

S2XC2
Air Interface
S2

S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1
N =S1 (S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2 C1xC2=0,
=S2 C1,C2,orthogonal
 Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading
Symbol

Data=010010 1
-1
Chip
Spreading
Spreading code = 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
( SF = 8 )
1
-1
Spread signal
= Data × code

Despreading 1
-1
Spreading code
1
-1
Data =
Spread signal ×
Spreading code
Characteristics of Spreading Communication

 High anti-multi-path- interference capability

 Anti-sudden-pulse
 High security
 Lower transmitting power
 Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
 Occupy band wide
 Complex realization
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 Radio Propagation Characteristics
 Spreading Technology
 Channel Coding
 Interleave Technology
 Modulation
 WCDMA Radio mechanism
Purpose of Channel Coding

 By adding redundant information in the original

data stream, receivers can detect and correct the
error signal, and improve data transmission rates.

Can not satisfy

No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2 the communication

Can satisfy the

Convolutional coding：BER<10-3 speech communication

Can satisfy the

Turbo coding： BER<10-6 data communication
Principle of Channel Coding
 Channel coding
 Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the
original data
 Convolutional coding and Turbo coding （1/2，1/3） are
widely applied.
 Increase noneffective load and transmission time
 Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

WCDMA W W C C D D M MAA W ? C C D D M MAA

TURBO T T UURRBBOO T T ? URRBBOO
Encoding
SPEAK S S P P E E AA K K S S PPEE A? KK

Decoding
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 Radio Propagation Characteristics
 Spreading Technology
 Channel Coding
 Interleave Technology
 Modulation
 WCDMA Radio mechanism
Principle of Interleave Technology
 advantage
 Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the

unexpected errors
 Advance the correcting validity

 disadvantage：
 Increase the processing delay

 Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for

the unexpected error .

e.g.

x1 x6 x11 x16 x21

Data input
x2 x7 … x22 Data output
x3 x8 … x23
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 … x25) A’= (x1 x6 x11 x16… x25)
x4 x9 … x24
x5 x10 … x25
Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA W W C C D D M MAA WTSWTS

Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPE EAAK K DREDRE
MBAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both AOKAOK
continuous and non-continuous errors

WTS???
Decoding
W??CDDMMA? Deinterleaving ? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ? P? EAAK K
M?AMBA
AOK?OK
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 Radio Propagation Characteristics
 Spreading Technology
 Channel Coding
 Interleave Technology
 Modulation
 WCDMA Radio mechanism
Principle of Modulation

 Definition
 Modulation is the process where the amplitude,
frequency, or phase of an electronic or optical signal
carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
 Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness
bit Symbol
Modulation
 Classification
 Analog Modulation
 Digital Modulation
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 WCDMA Radio mechanism
 WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
 Channel Coding of WCDMA
 Spreading Technology of WCDMA
 Modulation of WCDMA
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Encoding & Baseband Spreading

UE Data Modulation
Interleaving modulation

RF Transmitting

Despreading Demodulation RF Receiving

Baseband Decoding & UE Data

demodulation De-inteleaving
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 WCDMA Radio mechanism
 WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
 Channel Coding of WCDMA
 Spreading Technology of WCDMA
 Modulation of WCDMA
Convolutional Code

 Characteristics
 Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal
channel
 Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3
 Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude
 Easy decoding
 Short delay
 Suitable for realtime service
 e.g. speech and video service.
Turbo Code

 Characteristics
 Used in Data service channel
 Code Rate is 1/3
 Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude
 Can be implemented in the transmission for large block
and long delay services
 Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation
 Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is
BER sensitive & delay insensitive
 e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 WCDMA Radio mechanism
 WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
 Channel Coding of WCDMA
 Spreading Technology of WCDMA
 Modulation of WCDMA
Spreading Process of WCDMA

Symbol Chip
Data Spread Data
3.84Mcps

3.84Mcps

OVSF Code Scrambling Code

Symbol rate × SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMA，SF of uplink channelization code：4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
Channelization Code
 Adopt OVSF code
 Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where
SF : spread factor， k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, - 1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)

C ch,4,2 = (1, - 1 ,1, - 1)

C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, - 1, - 1, 1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Scrambling Code
 WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random
binary sequence (PN code)
 It has similar noise array character, seemingly random
but with regularity.
 Can make the user data further random , strengthened
by scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at
the same time easy to carry out multiple access
communication.
 WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold
sequence
 Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
 Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
 It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.
Characteristic of Scrambling code

 There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are

used to distinguish different users in one cell.
 There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes,
used to distinguish different cells
 Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes,
which are code 0，1，……，8191. They are divided
into 512 aggregations，each aggregation has 1 primary
scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary scrambling
codes (SSC).
 The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further
into 64 primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary
scrambling codes in each group.
Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling
Codes 18
2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
(0..262142)

No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

……
No. 511 Scrambling Code
Group No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group

No. No. 7 Scrambling

510 Scrambling Code Code
8176 8176：PSC
8177
Group
8177：SSC
…Group

… No. 1 Code
Scrambling Code
8160No. 504 112
Scrambling
8160：主扰码 8176：PSC
8191 8191：SSC
8161 8161：辅扰码
Group
Group 113 8177：辅扰码 … No. 0 Scrambling Code
… Group
…
8064 8064：主扰码 16 16：PSC
81758065 127 8191：辅扰码
8175：辅扰码 17 17：SSC 0 0：PSC
8065：辅扰码
… … 1 1：SSC
8079 8079：辅扰码 31 31：SSC …
15 15：SSC
Code Functions

 Channelization code ---- for separation of physical

channels in the uplink and separation of users in
the downlink

 Scrambling code ---- for separation of

users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in
the downlink.
Spreading code & scrambling code

cch1 Air Interface

Modulation
cch 2 cscrambling

cch 3
 Cch：spread code
 Relative to service rate，extended to 3.84Mchips/s
 A kind of orthogonal code
 Cscrambling：scrambling code
 Have no effect on signal bandwidth
 downlink for identifier cell，uplink identifier terminal
 A pseudo-random sequence
Processing Gain
P

Processing Wc
Gain Processing Gain 
Rb
Despreading

f
W Rb

 PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

 Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after
spread/despread
 The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg ,
the better
The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.
Question

 What’s the Processing Gain for voice service in

WCDMA system?
 Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps
 PG=10lg(Wc/ Rb) , dB units
 Wc: 3.84Mchip/s
 Rb: 12.2kbps
 So for voice service,
 PG=10lg(3.84* 106 /12.2* 103)= 25 dB
Despreading procedure

 Method of despreading

Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0

When T=Ts, judge

integral

Local PN code
Content

 The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

 WCDMA Radio mechanism
 WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
 Channel Coding of WCDMA
 Spreading Technology of WCDMA
 Modulation of WCDMA
Modulation Methods in WCDMA
 BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles
 QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
summary
 Principle of WCDMA
 All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band
 Users interfere with each other
 Adjacent cells use the same frequency
 Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes
 Channel coding
 Convolutional code
 Turbo code
 Codes
 Channelization code
 Scrambling code
 Modulation
 BPSK
 QPSK
 16QAM