IMS 556

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
 DEFINITION
O Communication is defined as:

‘A process in which one person or a group

evokes an identical or common meaning in
another person or more’.
(Lewis, P.,Goodman, S.,Fandt, P.,2001)
 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Intrapersonal
O Talking with one’s self to better learn and
judge self
O Interpersonal
O Interactions with a person with whom you
have a relationship
O Learn and reveal about others and self
 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Interviewing
O Communication that proceeds by question
and answer
O A method of self-learning, gaining counsel
and achieving goals
O Small group/team
O Working with others to solve problems,
develop new ideas and share knowledge and
experience
 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Public
O In public settings, people inform and
persuade one another to act, buy or think
O Computer Mediated
O Communication that takes place through
some kind of computer
O Examples: e-mail. Instant messaging, social
networking
 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Mass Communication
O Communication from one source to many
receivers
O Includes magazines, newspapers, radio and
television
 NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION
O Noise is a disturbance in communication
that distorts the message.
O Noise prevents the receiver from getting the
message the source is sending.
 NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION
O Types of Noise
O Physical
O Interferes with the physical transmission of
signal or message
O Physiological
O Physical barrier within the speaker or listener
O Psychological
O Cognitive or mental interference
O Semantic
O Speaker and listener assigning different
meaning
 ETHICS IN
COMMUNICATION
‘The ethical communication is
complicated because ethics is so
interwoven with one’s personal
philosophy of life and the culture in
which one raised that it is difficult to
propose guidelines for everyone’
 THE SELF IN
COMMUNICATION
O Self Concept
O Self Awareness
O Self Esteem
O Self Disclosure
WHAT IS SELF CONCEPT?

‘It is how you perceive yourself, your feelings

and thoughts about your strength and
weaknesses, your abilities and limitations’
 SELF CONCEPT
O Others images of you
O Looking at the image of yourself that others
reveal to you through the way they
communicate with you

O Comparison with others

O Another way to develop self- concept is to
compare your self with others
O This give a clear idea of how effective you
performed
 SELF CONCEPT
O Cultural Teachings
O Through parents, teachers, media, beliefs, values
and attitude you learn such things as success
O These teaching provide benchmark against which
you can measure yourself.
O Ability to defines as success will contribute to a
positive self concept.

O Self-Interpretations and Self Evaluations

O You also react to your own behavior
O Your self-interpretations and self-evaluations
contribute to your self-concept
 SELF CONCEPT
Others’ images
How do significant others see me?

Your own
Social interpretations
Comparison & evaluation
How do I compare to my peers? How do I evaluate my own feelings and
behaviors?

Cultural Teaching
How do I fulfill the teachings of
my cultures?
 WHAT IS SELF
AWARENESS
‘ Basic to all communication. To attain self
awareness you need to examine the several
aspects of yourself as they might appear to
others as well as yourself.’
 SELF AWARENESS
Johari window shows different aspects or version
of the self.
Known to self Not known to self
Open self Blind self
Information about yourself Information about yourself that
That and others know you don’t know but that others
Eg: Your name, sex, age do know/
Eg: Habit finishing other
people sentences

Hidden Self
Information about yourself Unknown- Self
that you know but others Information about yourself that
don’t know neither you nor others know
Eg: Subconscious :
Eg: Your secret
dreams, hypnosis
 SELF AWARENESS
O Ways to increase awareness:-
O Listen to others and notice their feedback
O Increase your open self
O Seek information about yourself
O Dialogue with yourself
 SELF AWARENESS
O Listen to others
O Pay close attention to any kind of information
from others and use it to increase your own self
awareness.

O Increase you open self

O Revealing yourself to others will help increase
your self awareness.
O By revealing your self, you will increase the
chances that others will reveal what the know
about you.
 SELF AWARENESS
O Seek Information about yourself
O Encourage people to reveal what they know
about you.

O Dialogue with your self

O No one knows you better than you know
yourself
O Ask yourself
WHAT IS SELF ESTEEM
‘Refers to way you feel about your self. How
much do you like yourself? How valuable a
person do you think you are? How competent
do you think you are? The answers to these
questions reflect the value you place on
yourself’; They are a measure of your self
esteem’
 SELF ESTEEM
O Building up self esteem
O Attack your self destructive belief
O Engage in self affirmation
O Seek out nurturing people
O Work on projects that will result in success
O You do not have to be love by everyone
 WHAT IS SELF
DISCLOSURE
‘Type of communication in which you reveal
information about yourself. It is something
previously unknown by the receiver’
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Factors influencing self disclosure
O Who you are
O Your Culture
O Your Gender
O Your Listeners
O Your Topic and Channel
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Who you are
O People who are comfortable communicating will self-
disclosure more than those who are apprehensive about
talking in general.
O Perhaps competent people have greater self-confidence
and more positive things to reveal.

O Your Culture
O Different culture view self-disclosure differently.

O Your Gender
O The popular stereotype of gender differences in self-
disclosure emphasizes males, reluctant to speak about
themselves compare to women
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Your Listeners
O Self –disclosure occurs more readily n small
groups than in large groups.
O Disclosure are also more intimate when they’re
made in response to the disclosure of others.

O Your Topic and Channel

O You also more likely disclose about some topics
than others.
O Eg : Hobbies, jobs
O The channel which you disclose can be a factor
too
O Eg : Online channel does more than face-to face.
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O The Dangers of Self Disclosure
O Risks personal and social rejection
O May result in material losses
O You cannot self-disclose and then take it
back.
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O The Rewards of Self Disclosure
O Contribute to self knowledge
O Improve your coping abilities
O Improve communication
O Establish meaningful relationship
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Guidelines for self disclosing
O Consider the possible burdens
O (lose your jobs?)
O Consider the disclosure of the other person
O (supportively? Sympathy?)
O Consider the appropriateness of self
disclosure
O (right time? Place? Circumstances?)
O Consider the motivation for self disclosure
O (How? Ready)
 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Guidelines for responding to self-disclosure
O Practice effective and active listening
O Give support
O Keep disclosure confidential
O Don’t use disclosure information against the
person
-END OF CHAPTER-