WHAT WERE THE RESULT?

IMPORTANT
•Menilai kemaknaan Klinis efek terapi
Sehingga didapatkan
• Synbiotic group: 14(sakit) dan 65(sembuh)
• Placebo group: 30(sakit) dan 47(sembuh)
 Tabel 2x2 The role of B.lactis B94 plus inulin in the
treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children

Not Cured Cured

Synbiotic Group 14 65

Placebo Group 30 47
 Control Event Rate (CER)
CER : the proportion of outcome in the control group
(treatment standard or placebo groups)

Experimental Event Rate (EER)

EER : the proportion of outcome in the experimental

group
(treatment standard or placebo groups)
 (RR = Relative Risk)

The relative risk tells us how many times more likely it is

that an event will occur in the treatment group relative to
the control group. An RR of 1 means that there is no
difference between the two groups thus, the treatment had
no effect.
• An RR < 1 means that the treatment decreases the risk of
the outcome.
• An RR > 1 means that the treatment increased the risk of
the outcome.
 Risiko relatif (RR = Relative Risk)

Disease a
------
EER
+ - a+b
RR = ----------
A a b ----
Treatment
c CER
B c d
------
c+d
 (RR = Relative Risk)

EER
RR = -------------- a
CER ------
a+b
14/(14+ RR = --------------
CER 0,177
RR =65)
--------------
= c
30/(30+
------
0,389
47)
RR = 0.455 c+d
Sehingga maknanya, RR <1 yaitu hasil dari penelitian tersebut pemberian B.lactis
B94 plus inulin dibandingkan placebo merupakan faktor protektif atau dapat
menurunkan kejadian diare akut (AGE) atau risiko kematian.
 Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

The absolute risk reduction tells us the absolute

difference in the rates of events between the two
groups and gives an indication of the baseline risk
and treatment effect. An ARR of 0 means that there
is no difference between the two groups thus, the
treatment had no effect.
 Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

ARR = (|CER – EER|)

ARR = (0,389-0.177)

ARR = 0.21 21%

Sehingga maknanya, penelitian tersebut pemberian B.lactis

B94 plus inulin mempunyai manfaat mutlak(nilai absolut)
sebesar 21% dalam tingkat diare akut (AGE).
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

The relative risk reduction is the complement of the RR

and is probably the most commonly reported measure of
treatment effects. It tells us the reduction in the rate of
the outcome in the treatment group relative to that in the
control group.
 Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

RRR = (|CER – EER|/CER)

RRR = (0,389-0.177)
0,389
RRR = 0.54 54%
Sehingga maknanya, penelitian tersebut pemberian B.lactis B94
plus inulin dapat mengurangi risiko diare akut atau pun kematian
sebesar 54% dibandingkan dengan yang terjadi pada kelompok
kontrol.
 Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

The number needed to treat represents the number

of patients we need to treat with the experimental
therapy in order to prevent 1 bad outcome and
incorporates the duration of treatment. Clinical
significance can be determined to some extent by
looking at the NNTs, but also by weighing the NNTs
against any harms or adverse effects (NNHs) of
therapy.
 Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

NNT = 1/ARR

NNT = 1/0,21

NNT = 4,76 5%

Sehingga maknanya, Kita perlu untuk mengobati 5 orang untuk

mencegah 1 kejadian diare akut atau pun kematian
Confidence Interval (CI) ARR

CER (1 CER) EER (1 EER)

 1.96 
Ncontrol Nexp

95% CI = ± (1.96 x 0,07)

95% CI = ± 0,137
95% CI ARR

95% CI ARR = 0.21 ± 0,137