Color

wheel
 Color
There are many ways to describe
color.
COLOR is the general term we
use to describe every hue, tint,
tone or shade we see. White,
Black and Gray are often referred
to as a color.
 Hue
•A HUE refers to the
dominant Color Family of
the specific color we're looking
at. White, Black and Gray
are never referred to as a
Hue
Hue
•Burgundy =RED
•Pink =RED
•Navy =BLUE
•Rust =ORANGE
•Cool Gray =It might be BLUE or even
PURPLE or GREEN -
Really look at it.
•Warm Brown = It might be ORANGE
but it might be RED or
YELLOW - Really look at
it.
Black, Gray and White are not
hues because they do not
have a place or position on
the color wheel. They are
considered neutrals colors
Color can be described by
the group or category to
which it belongs.
• Primary • Intermediate
• Secondary • neutral
Color can be described
by its
Properties.
 Color properties

Hue
Intensity
Value
Temperature
 Color can be described
by its hue.A hue is the actual ,
or proper name of any given
color. (hue, chrome and color
are all names of the same thing)
•This HUE is red.
 definition

Hue:
•The actual color, or
the identity of a
color, such as red.
 Color can be described
by its Intensity
This red is brighter,
louder, more intense than
this red which is
duller, muted, less intense.
 definition

Intensity:
• is the brightness or dullness
(grayness) of a color
• is a color’s strength, saturation,
purity. The "noise" it makes.
• A Pure Hue has the highest
saturation and intensity of a color.
 definition

Tone
• Color Theory defines a True Tone as any Hue
or mixture of pure colors with
only Gray added. To be precise, this
definition considers Grey as truly neutral. In
other words, there are no additional pigments
in the Gray other than White plus Black.

Red hue + gray = tone (“grayish red” or “desaturated red”

or “muted red” or “dull red” or “mauve
taupe”?)
Color can be described
by its Value:
• This is a lighter value
of red
• This is a darker value
of red
 definition

Value:
• The lightness or darkness of
a color
• Different values of a color
range from very light to very
dark (tints and shades).
Value - Tints definition

Adding white will lighten a hue or raise

its value.
A Tint is sometimes also called a Pastel. But to
be precise, Color Theory defines a True Tint as
any Hue or mixture of pure colors with only
White added.

Red hue + white = Tint (pink)

 definition

Value - Shades
• Adding black will darken
a hue or lower its value.
This is called a shade.

Red hue + black = shade (maroon)

 definition

Color Harmony
can be defined as
a pleasing combination of colors.

Combined Colors can be

described as Harmonious
Harmony definition

Split Complement Color schemes

Three colors that are opposite
each other on the color wheel,
but to either side of the
exact opposite (complement);
Example:
red, blue-green, & yellow-green
Harmony definition

Triadic Color schemes

• Colors that are equally spaced.
• The most famous of these is
the primary triad . . .
red, yellow, and blue.
• Triadic harmonies are most effective
if only one color is
allowed to dominate.
Shapes are enclosed objects and can be
created by line, color and value changes
that define their edges.
Shapes can be:
organic (irregular shapes found in
nature) also called “natural”

geometric (shapes with strong lines

and angles such as circles, triangles, and
squares).
 Shape
Shape is
considered to
be a two-
dimensional
element, while
three-
dimensional
elements have Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987)
Skulls, 1979
Screen print on Lenox Museum Board 30 x 40 in.
volume or The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh
Founding Collection, Contribution Dia Center for the Arts. © AWF

mass.
 Identify and
describe the shapes.

Are they organic or

geometric?

How are the shapes’

edges defined?

Identify the
dominant shapes in
each composition.
Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987)
Space Fruit: Still Lifes, 1979
screen print on Lenox Museum Board, 30 x 40 in. each
The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh Founding Collection
Contribution Dia Center for the Arts © AWF
Andy Warhol
(American, 1928-
1987)
Grapes, 1979
screen print on
Strathmore Bristol
Series 500 paper
40 x 30 in.
The Andy Warhol
Museum,
Pittsburgh,
Founding
Collection
Contribution The
Andy Warhol
Foundation for the
Visual Arts, Inc. ©
AWF
Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987)
Skulls, 1979
Screen print on Lenox Museum Board 30 x 40 in.
The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, Founding Collection
Contribution Dia Center for the Arts. © AWF
 Monochromatic
Uses shades or tints from the
same hue.
Monochromatic scheme
Mono comes from the Greek
for one, meaning that it is a
schema composed of a single
hue.

Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987)

A tint is the hue plus the
Sunset, 1972
Screen print on Paper
addition of white.
34 x 34 in.
The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, Founding Collection Contribution Dia A tone is created when a hue
Center for the Arts © AWF
is mixed with gray.
A shade is created by mixing
black with a hue.
Neutral Colors
Neutral colors or earth tones are not seen on most color
wheels. Black, gray, whites are neutral. Browns, beiges
and tans are sometimes neutral too. Neutral colors can be
made by mixing:
• Black and white
• Complementary colors
• All three primaries together (plus some black or white)
Analogous
Any three colors which are side by side on a
12 part color wheel, such as yellow-green,
yellow, and yellow-orange. Usually one of
the three colors predominates. Colors that
are next to each other on the color wheel.
Colors with a family resemblance. sit next
to each other on the color wheel. They are
"related", a kind of family of colors that
creates pleasing and relaxed visuals. They
aren't jarring, opposite, or clashing. They
also don't stand out from one another.
Analogous colors can create subtle and
beautiful content, but you may need to
add a complementary color to get any
particular item to stand out.
Analogous
Complementary
Two colors that are the direct opposite of
each other, such as red and green and
blue-purple and yellow-orange.
Complementary colors create the most
contrast and balance in design.
Colors that are opposite each other on the
color wheel;
ex. red and green, violet and yellow,
yellow-green and red-violet etc.
Complementary
 Andy Warhol
(American, 1928-
1987)
Flowers, 1970
Screen print on
paper
Analogous with
36 x 36 in.
The Andy Warhol
Museum,
Complementary
Pittsburgh,
Founding Collection
Contribution The
emphasis
Andy Warhol
Foundation for the
Visual Arts, Inc. ©
AWF

Andy Warhol
(American, 1928-
1987)
Sunset, 1972
Screen print on
Paper
34” x 34”
The Andy Warhol
Museum,
Pittsburgh,
Founding Collection
Contribution Dia
Center for the Arts
© AWF
 Andy Warhol
(American, 1928-1987)
Camouflage, 1986
acrylic and silkscreen
ink on linen
40 x 40 in.
The Andy Warhol
Museum, Pittsburgh, Value
Founding Collection,
Contribution The Andy
Warhol Foundation for
the Visual Arts, Inc.
© AWF

Andy Warhol
(American, 1928-1987)
Camouflage, 1986
acrylic and silkscreen
ink on linen
40 x 40 in.
The Andy Warhol
Museum, Pittsburgh,
Founding Collection,
Contribution The Andy
Warhol Foundation for
the Visual Arts, Inc.
© AWF
 Temperature
Color temperate can help enhance the mood of an image. Color
temperature
The color wheel can be divided into two groups
The warm colors and Cool Colors
Warm colors-yellow, orange, red and some hues of green,
Cool colors-include various forms of blue, and violets.

Andy Warhol (American,

1928-1987) Vesuvius,
1985 screen print on Arches
88 paper, 31 7/16 x 39 1/4
in. The Andy Warhol
Museum, Pittsburgh
Founding Collection,
Contribution The Andy
Warhol Foundation for the
Visual Arts, Inc. © AWF
Color can be described
by its Temperature :
• Colors give different feelings
of warmth and coolness.
• The color wheel can be
divided into two sides -
the warm colors and
the cool colors.
 definition

Temperature:
•Warm colors
look and feel warm.
–Yellows, oranges, reds
• Cool colors
look and feel cool.
–Blues, greens, violets
 Temperature:
The warm colors
remind us of fire, and sunshine.
As a group, they convey energy
and action, and are perceived as
being closer to the viewer.
 Temperature:
The cool colors
remind us of cool water
and green grass
As a group, they convey peace and
tranquility, and are perceived as
being farther from the viewer.
Tips how to properly mix colors
• Using Triangle, Rectangle And Square
Colors
• It isn't difficult to create color
combinations that stretch the boundaries
of the easy power of complementary
opposites and the related analogous and
monochromatic palettes. All you need is
a triangle, rectangle, and a square.
The Color
Psychology
• Red is a very powerful, dynamic color that reflects
our physical needs whether to show affection and
love, or to portray terror, fear, and survival. Red is
also a very energizing color that can portray
friendliness and strength, but can also be demanding
and show aggression depending on its context.

• Overall, if you're looking to have a really powerful

presence or get someone's attention fast, red is your
go-to color. Just remember to use it sparingly to avoid
the extreme negative reactions it can so easily
awaken.
• Orange has a very interesting psychological
meaning as it combines red's power and energy
with yellow's friendliness and fun. The mix
makes orange a good representation
of physical comfort in our warmth, food, and
shelter. (It even stimulates our appetite so
watch out if you're hungry!)
• Orange is also known to be a color of
motivation, lends a positive attitude, and
general enthusiasm for life. Overall, orange is
great for bringing comfort in tough times, and
creating a sense of fun or freedom in your
visuals.
• Yellow is the epitome of joy, happiness, cheerfulness,
optimism—you name it. Anything happy is almost
always yellow. The wavelength of yellow is
particularly long, making it have one of the most
powerful psychological meanings, while also being
the easiest color to visibly see. (Did you know yellow
is the first color infants respond to?)
• Whenever you need to lift someone's spirits, increase
their confidence, or provide inspiration, use yellow.
However, avoid using yellow too much because it's
also known to make us more critical causing self
esteem issues, fear, or anxiety. Find the right balance
of yellow to motivate rather than bring others down.
• Green is a color of balance and harmony. It lends us
a clearer sense of right from wrong since
green incorporates a balance of both the logical and
emotional. Green is one of the most-seen colors in
nature reflecting life, rest, and peace. It is also a
sign of growth, whether that's in a physical object
like plants or in our income and wealth.

• Overall, if you're looking to portray health, rest,

and to relieve stress, green is your color. While
green does have minor negative aspects like over-
possession and materialism, it has a more positive
affect than most other colors.
• Blue is known for its trust and dependability. It's
reliable, responsible, and mentally soothing. For that
reason alone, it's one of the most-liked colors across
the entire world.
• Unlike red, blue lends a more mental reaction rather
than physical that allows us to destress, calm down,
and think of the most ideal situation. Unfortunately, it
also is one of the last colors to be seen, and can be
perceived as distant, cold, or unfriendly if used it great
amounts.
• Overall, blue is a well-liked color that can bring a
sense of calmness and trust when building
relationships, especially in marketing.
• Purple is most commonly known for its imagination
and spirituality. It possesses the energy and power of
red, with the stability and reliability of blue, making
it a perfect balance between the physical and
spiritual. Purple is often used to show luxury,
loyalty, courage, mystery, and magic.

• It's a very intriguing color as it soothes, but also

presents space for mystery and new ideas. This is
why creativity is most often associated with the
color purple. When using purple, avoid using it too
often as it can also cause too much introspection or
distraction as thoughts begin to wonder.
• Pink is a softer, less intense version of red that
creates a sense of compassion and
unconditional love. While it's a very physical
color, it soothes rather than stimulates, making
it a perfect color for caring, understanding, and
nurturing those in need.
• Pink is a sign of hope. It is also known to be
very romantic as it shows empathy and
sensitivity. If too much pink is used, it can be
very draining, show a lack of power, and even
immature. Overall, pink can be a great counter-
option to the color red when used appropriately.
• Brown, while maybe not the most visual
stimulating color, is a great sign of structure,
security, and protection. Whether it's family,
friends, and material possessions, brown
offers constant support.

• It's also a very serious, down to earth color

you can use where black might be too intense.
The downfall to brown is that it's the most
safe color and can seem reserved, scheduled,
and boring. Overall, use it when necessary,
but don't depend on it too heavily.
• Gold has quite a few different meanings
depending on your culture. Across the world,
though, gold consistently represents some
variation of charm, confidence, luxury, and
treasure. It also can have an element of
friendliness, abundance, and prosperity that is
naturally attractive. Too much gold, however,
can seem egotistical, proud, and self-
righteous. Similar to colors like brown and
black, try to use gold more sparingly to
highlight rather than be the main attraction.
• Black is a color of sophistication, seriousness,
control, and independence. Although, it can
also be used to show evil, mystery,
depression, and even death. Black is a very
reserved color that completely lacks any
light as its an absence of all the colors. It likes
to stay hidden, in control, and separate from
others. For this reason, black is a great color
for high contrast and easy legibility.
Unfortunately, since its a very powerful color,
too much black can cause sadness and overall
negativity so use it sparingly and in your text
more so than the visuals itself.
• White is color that is complete and
pure, making it a perfect example of purity,
innocence, cleanliness, and peace. White can
also represent new beginnings, providing a
blank slate, and gives refreshment for new
ideas. Since white has an equal balance of all
the colors, it can exemplify several meanings,
with equality outweighing them all. White is a
great color for simplicity, cleanliness, and idea
creation; however, avoid using too much white
as it can cause isolation, loneliness, and
emptiness.
 Activity 1
• Create an art work
• Use any type of medium
• Use the proper mixing of colors or use the
ideas that you have been gained during the
discussion
• Explain why you come up with such
artwork.
Laocoon and
His Sons.
Marbles.
Between 27
BC and 68
AD.
Leonardo da
Vinci. Study
for the head
of Leda. c.
1505-1507
Albrecht
Dürer.
Melancolia I.
Engraving,
1514. (
Jackson Pollock.
No. 5, 1948. Oil
on fiberboard.
1948.
How are lines used to convey expression in art?
• Line is the basis of art, and expression, no matter
the medium. Lines are created when one point
connects to another. They are inherent in all visual
art, from painting to sculpture, and can be viewed
abstractly in the performing arts.
• Visual artists have been known to create self-
portraits, often because the self is the only
available model who is always nearby. Self-
portraits can be realistic or abstract, and the
linework in a portrait affects our perception of it.
Jagged lines might suggest chaos, while smooth,
fluid lines might evoke serenity.
How can a simple line create a sense of depth?
LINES have different thicknesses that artists call their
weight.
Thick lines are heavy and thin line are light.
• Heavily Weighted Lines = objects coming forward.
Thick lines on the other hand appear difficult to
break. They suggest strength and give emphasis to
nearby elements. Thick lines are bold and make a
statement.
• Lightly Weighted Lines = object receding (going
back). Thin lines are fragile. They appear easy to
break or knock over. They suggest frailty and convey
an elegant quality. They are delicate and give off an
ephemeral air.
Line
A line is an identifiable path created by a point moving in
space. It is one-dimensional and can vary in width, direction,
and length. Lines often define the edges of a form. Lines can
be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, straight or curved, thick
or thin. They lead your eye around the composition and can
communicate information through their character
and direction. A line is a mark made by a moving point and
having psychological impact according to its direction,
weight, and the variations in its direction and weight. It is an
enormously useful and versatile graphic device that is made
to function in both visual and verbal ways. It can act as as a
symbolic language, or it can communicate emotion through
its character and direction
KINDS OF

Horizontal Lines
Vertical Line
Diagonal Line
The Curve Line
Zigzag Lines
Horizontal lines suggest a feeling of rest or repose
because objects parallel to the earth are at rest. In this
landscape, horizontal lines also help give a sense of space.
The lines delineate sections of the landscape, which
recede into space. They also imply continuation of the
landscape beyond the picture plane to the left and
right. Objects parallel to the earth are at rest in relation to
gravity. Therefore compositions in which horizontal lines
dominate tend to be quiet and restful in feeling. One of the
hallmarks of Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural style is its
use of strong horizontal elements which stress the
relationship of the structure to the land.
A Calm at a Mediterranean Port,
Claude-Joseph Vernet, 1770
niels-henriksen.blogspot.com
Frank Lloyd Wright, Robie
House, 1990. Chicago.
Thomas Cole, The Course of
Empire: Destruction, 1833-36,
oil on
The Last Supper - by
Leonardo Da Vinci
• Vertical lines often communicate a sense of
height because they are perpendicular to the
earth, extending upwards toward the sky also
feeling of loftiness and spirituality. In this
church interior, vertical lines suggest
spirituality, rising beyond human reach toward
the heavens. Erect lines seem to extend
upwards beyond human reach, toward the sky.
They often dominate public architecture, from
cathedrals to corporate headquarters. Extended
perpendicular lines suggest an overpowering
grandeur, beyond ordinary human measure.
Saint Bavo, Haarlem, Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, 1634
Vertical Prism oil painting by Niki
Gulley. "
"Vertical lines 1," by Astrid Stoeppel
Canvas on Acrylic. Size is 19.7 H x 27.6 W x 0.8 in.
• Horizontal and vertical lines
used in combination
communicate stability and
solidity. Rectilinear forms with
90-degree angles are structurally
stable and are not likely to tip
over. This stability suggests
permanence, reliability and safety.
Stonehenge, ca. 2600-2000 B.C.E.
Ancient Greece, The Parthenon,
447-438 B.C.E.
Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater,
1936-7
Piet Mondrian,
Composition in
Red, Blue, and
Yellow, 1937-42
 •Byzantine, Justinian and his
Attendants, Basilica di San Vitale, 547
• Diagonal lines convey a feeling of
movement. Objects in a diagonal
position are unstable. Because they
are neither vertical nor horizontal,
they are either about to fall or are
already in motion. The angles of the
ship and the rocks on the shore
convey a feeling of movement or
speed in this stormy harbor scene.
A Storm on the Mediterranean Coast,
Claude-Joseph Vernet, 1767
Edgar Degas, Blue Dancers,
c. 1899
Gustave Caillebotte, Le Pont de
L’Europe, 1881-1882
 Artemisia
Gentileschi, Judith
Slaying Holofernes,
1614–20
Franz Marc, Fate of the Animals, 1913
 Michelangelo Merisi da
Caravaggio, The Crucifixion
of Saint Peter, 1600-1601
Francisco Goya, The Forge, c.
1817
Rembrandt van Rijn, Militia Company of District II under the
Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq, known as the ‘Night
The Curve
The curve of a line can convey energy. Soft, shallow
curves recall the curves of the human body and often
have a pleasing, sensual quality and a softening effect
on the composition. The edge of the pool in this
photograph gently leads the eye to the sculptures on
the horizon. Soft, shallow curves recall the curves of
the human body and often have a pleasing, sensual
quality.
Curved lines do vary in meaning, however. Soft,
shallow curves suggest comfort, safety, familiarity,
relaxation. They recall the curves of the human body,
and therefore have a pleasing, sensual quality.
Starry Night by Vincent Van
Gogh 1889
Pool, Saint-Cloud, Eugène Atget,
1915–1919
Under the Wave off Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura) by Katsushika
Hokusai 1830-1833, also known as The Great Wave, from the series Thirty-
six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei).
Zig-Zag Lines These lines slant and are
diagonal lines connected at each point.
These lines can portray action and
excitement. are a combination of
diagonal lines that connect at points. They
take on the dynamic and high energy
characteristics of diagonal lines. They
create excitement and intense movement.
They convey confusion and nervousness
as they change direction quickly and
frequently.
'Guernica' by Pablo Picasso
Types of lines

There are several types of lines defined by their use.

• Contour lines are used to define edges. The create
boundaries around or inside an object. Most lines you
encounter are contour lines. In web design these could
be the borders you add around an object or group of
objects
• Dividing lines can also define edges, but what
distinguishes them from contour lines is they divide
space. The lines between columns of text are dividing
lines as are the lines separating menu items.
• Decoration lines are used to embellish an object.
Cross-hatching is an example of using decoration
lines to add shading and form to an object. The line
beneath liked text is a decorative line as are the
lines used to create a floral background image
• Gesture lines are quick and rough continuous
lines used to capture form and movement. They are
generally used when studying the shape and
motion of the human form. You likely won’t use
gesture lines (based on the technical definition) in
a web design, but you could certainly create
patterns of lines to signify motion or build up a
form
and
 Shape and form define
objects in space. Shapes
have two dimensions–height
and width–and are usually
defined by lines. Forms exist
in three dimensions, with
height, width, and depth.
 Shape has only
height and width.
Shape is usually,
though not always,
defined by line, which
can provide its
contour. In this
image, rectangles
and ovals dominate
the composition.
They describe the
architectural details
for an illusionist
ceiling fresco.

tudies for a Ceiling Decoration, Charles

de la Fosse, about 1680
Form has depth as
well as width and
height. Three-
dimensional form is
the basis of sculpture,
furniture, and
decorative arts.
Three-dimensional
forms can be seen
from more than one
side, such as this
sculpture of a rearing
Rearing Horse, Adriaen de
horse. Vries, 1610–1615
Geometric shapes
and forms include
mathematical,
named shapes such
as squares,
rectangles, circles,
cubes, spheres, and
cones. Geometric
shapes and forms
are often man-made.
However, many
natural forms also
have geometric
shapes. This cabinet
Commode, Jean-François
is decorated with
Oeben, about 1760
designs of geometric
shapes.
Organic shapes
and forms are
typically irregular
or asymmetrical.
Organic shapes
are often found in
nature, but man-
made shapes can
also imitate
organic forms.
This wreath uses Gold Wreath, Greek, 300–100 B.C.
organic forms to
simulate leaves
and berries.
Space
Real space is three-dimensional. Space in a work of art
refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It can
also refer to the artist's use of the area within the
picture plane. The area around the primary objects in a
work of art is known as negative space, while the space
occupied by the primary objects is known as positive
space.

Positive Space Negative Space

Three-dimensional
space
The perfect illusion of
three-dimensional
space in a two-
dimensional work of
art is something that
many artists, such as
Pieter Saenredam,
labored to achieve. The
illusion of space is
achieved through
perspective drawing
techniques and Saint Bavo, Haarlem, Pieter Jansz. Saenredam,
1634
shading.
Texture

The surface quality of an object that we sense through

touch. All objects have a physical texture. Artists can
also convey texture visually in two dimensions.

In a two-dimensional work of art, texture gives a

visual sense of how an object depicted would feel in
real life if touched: hard, soft, rough, smooth, hairy,
leathery, sharp, etc. In three-dimensional works, artists
use actual texture to add a tactile quality to the work.
Texture depicted in
two-dimensions
Artists use color, line,
and shading to imply
textures. In this painting,
the man's robe is painted
to simulate silk. The
ability to convincingly
portray fabric of
different types was one
of the marks of a great
painter during the 17th
century. Portrait of Agostino PallaviciniAnthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599 -
Surface texture
The surface of this
writing desk is metallic
and hard. The hard
surface is functional for
an object that would
have been used for
writing. The smooth
surface of the writing
desk reflects light,
adding sparkle to this
piece of furniture.
Desk, French, 1692–1700