Physical Pharmacy Post-Lab Discussion For Preliminary Period

Physical Pharmacy
POST-LAB DISCUSSION
for Preliminary Period
Gillian O. Velasco,RPh
EXPERIMENT 1: Specific Gravity
Determination of Liquids
• Density (ρ) – mass per unit volume at a fixed
temperature and pressure
ρ=M/V
- unit in cgs system: g/cm3
SI unit: kg/m3
• Relative Density – ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of water, the values
for both substances being determined at the
same temperature unless otherwise specified
• Specific Gravity – ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume
of water at 4°C or at some other specified temperature.
*Water attains its maximum absolute density 0.999973 at 3.98°C
* For gases, the standard used is Hydrogen
• Notations: 25°/25° ; 25°/4° ; 4°/4°
*First Figure: temperature of the air at which substance was weighed
*Second Figure: temperature of water used
Determination of Specific Gravity defined by the USP: “Unless otherwise stated,
specific gravity basis is 25°/25°…”
*Exceptions:
1. Theobroma oil – solid at 25°, that’s why specific gravity is determined at
100°/25°
2. Alcohol – determined at 15.56°/15.56° because many years ago, the US
government adopted 60°F as the temperature at which alcoholometric
measurements are to be made for government control of alcoholic liquids.
- USP/NF Monograph for Alcohols – it complies with the test for Specific Gravity
<841> (Method I – Pycnometric, Method II – Oscillating transducer density
meter)
• Apparent Specific Gravity – when
measurements of masses for specific gravity
determination is conducted in air.
• True Specific Gravity – also known as absolute
specific gravity; when measurements of
masses for specific gravity determination is
conducted in a vacuum.
*As a rule, the difference between the two
specific gravities is very small.
• Methods of Determining Specific Gravity
- by the use of various types of
pycnometer
- Mohr - Westphal Balance
- Hydrometer
• PYCNOMETER – fixed volume vessels
used to be filled with sample liquid.
Advantage:
- If correctly used, provides fast and
accurate measurements of specific
gravity
Disadvantages:
- Great care must be exercised to
obtain accurate results.
- High precision pycnometers are
expensive.
- They require precision weighing scale
and controlled laboratory
environment.
- Their good performaces depend on
the skill of the operator.
Archimedes’ Principle
“ Any object placed in a fluid
will experience an upward or
bouyant force equal to the weight
of the fluid it displaces.”
- This principle applies to both
liquids & gases and to objects
which are completely or partially
submerged
- Reason for Bouyant Force:
Pressure increases with depth, so
the upward force on the bottom
of the object is larger than the
downward force on top of the
object.
• HYDROMETER - is an instrument
that is calibrated to indicate the
specific gravity of a liquid by the
extent to which it is submerged
into the liquid.
Precautions:
- There should be no air bubbles in
the surface of the liquid and of
the jar.
- There should be sufficient sample
on the jar to allow the
hydrometer to float freely.
- Allow the hydrometer to be
completely stationary before
noting the reading.
• WESTPHAL BALANCE – is an
instrument in which the up
thrust on a small sinker (a
glass plumet) immersed in the
liquid at a particular
temperature is compared with
the up thrust on the same
sinker when immersed in
water up to the same extent at
the same temperature.
*It directly gives the relative
density of the liquid but the
results is slightly less accurate
than pycnometric
measurements.
EXPERIMENT 2: Alcohol Determination by
Specific Gravity Method
USP Methods for Alcohol Determination <611>:
Method I – Distillation
Method II – Glass Chromatographic Method
DISTILLATION
- is the process of heating a
solution to its boiling point,
passing the vapors through a
cooling device called the
condenser and collecting the
liquid which condenses.
Ground Glass Joints – are used to
quickly fit leak-tight apparatus.
- Its limitation is that, once
original smooth surface the
glass has been damaged by
grinding, the advantage would
be lost.
• Physical Property that is considered for
distillation: BOILING POINT
Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water (78.5°);
therefore it will boil first. Thus, the distillate that can be
collected is expected to contain alcohol.
Because of the alcohol it contains, the distillate will
have a specific gravity lower than that of distilled water.
By the use of the USP Alcoholmetric Table, the
percentage of alcohol in a solution can be determined by
knowing the specific gravity of the solution, assuming
that no interfering substances co-distill with ethanol
which would affect the specific gravity of the distillate.
EXPERIMENT 3: Melting Point
Determination
• Melting Point – the temperature at which the pure liquid and solid
exists in equilibrium.
Importance of Determining the Melting Point:

- it is used as indicator of purity of chemical substances (a pure
substance must have a sharp melting point and a lower melting
point range; impure substances may undergo decomposition prior
to reaching its theoretical melting point)
- used in the identification of an unknown substance
- used to determine the proper procedures in formulating drugs
because drugs with low melting point tends to soften during
processes in which heat is generated
- used to determine the compatibility of various substances before
inclusion in the same dosage form
Determination
Methods of Determining Melting Point
Determination
Methods of Determining Melting Point
EXPERIMENT 4: Freezing Point
Determination of Isotonic Solutions
• Freezing Point – the temperature at which liquid
passes into the solid state.
- The temperature at which solid and liquid exists in
equilibrium.
• Isotonic Solutions – solutions that has essentially the
same salt concentration and hence the same osmotic
pressure as the RBC.
* Pharmaceutical solutions intended to be applied to
delicate membranes and blood should be isotonic so
that there would no contraction or swelling of the
tissues with which they come in contact. Thus,
preventing discomfort.
• Methods of Determining Tonicity
1. Hemolytic Method
- the effect of various solutions of the drug is
observed on the appearance of RBC suspended in the
solutions.
*Hypertonic Solution – causes the cell to shrink and
become wrinkled or crenated.
*Hypotonic Solution – causes the cell to swell and finally
burst
Hemolysis – a phenomenon wherein the cell swells and
burst with liberation of hemoglobin
2. Methods that Determine Colligative Properties
- based on the measurement of the slight
temperature differences arising from differences in the
vapor pressure of thermally insulated samples
contained samples contained in constant-humidity
chambers
- Referred from the freezing point of blood and
tears
- at present, it is established that -0.52°C is the
freezing point of blood and lacrimal fluid and it
corresponds to the freezing point of 0.09% NaCl
solution

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