Introduction of Pump and

Mechanical seals
Contents

 Pump Definition
 Types of pumps
 What is centrifugal pump
 Working Mechanism of centrifugal pump
 Advantages of centrıfugal pumps
Pump Definition

 A pump is a device that moves fluids

(liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries,
by mechanical action.
 PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS ROTARY PUMPS

PISTON PUMPS GEAR PUMPS

PLUNGER PUMPS LOBE PUMPS

DIAPHRAGM PUMPS SCREW PUMPS

CAM PUMPS

VANE PUMPS
 RECIPROCATING PUMPS

 Based on two stroke principles:

√ High pressure, high efficiency
√ Self-priming
X Small quantity, vibration, physical dimension, uneven flow

 Used mainly for handling slurries in plant processes and

pipeline applications
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
 Two valves and one stuffing box
RECIPROCATING PUMPS  A rotating mechanism for the
reciprocating piston
PISTON PUMPS
 Uses suction to raise liquid into the
PLUNGER PUMPS chamber.
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

 Two ball check valves on each side

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Low pressure on the upward part, high
PISTON PUMPS
pressure on the downward part

PLUNGER PUMPS

DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Rod is moved to push and pull the
PISTON PUMPS
diaphragm.
PLUNGER PUMPS  Can be used to make artificial
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
hearts.
ROTARY PUMPS
 Positive displacement type

CHigh pressure, high efficiency

DLiquids must be free of solids
CHandle viscous fluids
 Used mainly in, oil burners, soaps and
cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses, dyes,
ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral oils
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS
 As the teeth come out of mesh,
LOBE PUMPS liquid flows into the pump and is
SCREW PUMPS carried between the teeth and the
CAM PUMPS casing to the discharge side of the
VANE PUMPS pump
 The teeth come back into mesh
and the liquid is forced out the
discharge port
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS

LOBE PUMPS  Fluid is carried between the rotor

SCREW PUMPS teeth and the pumping chamber
CAM PUMPS  The rotor surfaces create continuous
VANE PUMPS sealing
 Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and
multi-lobe configurations
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS  Screw pumps carry fluid in the spaces

LOBE PUMPS
between the screw threads.
 The fluid is displaced axially as the
SCREW PUMPS
screws mesh.
CAM PUMPS

VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS

Piston slide arm moves around

LOBE PUMPS

SCREW PUMPS

CAM PUMPS
inside a slot in the casing.
VANE PUMPS  An eccentric cam rotates the
circular plunger (shown in gray)
around the edge of the casing,
fluid is swirled around the edge
to the outlet port.
 It is not in use now and is mainly
of historical curiosity.
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS

LOBE PUMPS  The vanes are in slots in the rotor.

SCREW PUMPS
 Rotor spins, centrifugal force pushes the
vanes out to touch the casing, where they
CAM PUMPS

VANE PUMPS
trap and propel fluid.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?

 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 ADVANTEGAES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?
 Convert the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy by centrifugal force on
the liquid
 Constitute the most common type of
pumping machinery
 Used to move liquids through a piping
system
 Has two main components:
1. Stationary componets, casing, casing
cover and bearings
2. Rotating components, impeller and
shaft
 Classified into three categories ; Radial
Flow, Mixed Flow, Axial Flow
WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

 Simplest piece of equipment in

any process plant
 Energy changes occur by virtue
of impeller and volute
 Liquid is fed into the pump at
the center of a rotating impeller
and thrown outward by
centrifugal force
 The conversion of kinetic energy
into pressure energy supplies the
pressure difference between the
suction side and delivery side of Liquid flow path inside a
the pump centrifugal pump
Impellers
 These consist of wheel shaped elements containing 'Curved Vanes' at the centre
of which is the liquid inlet called the 'EYE' of the impeller.
 There are various types of impeller depending on the duty to be performed by
the pump.
1. Open Impeller : This type consists of vanes attached to a central hub with no
side wall or 'shroud'. It is used for pumping highly contaminated slurry type liquids.
2.Semi-Open Impeller : This type has the vanes attached to a wall or shroud on one
side. It is used mainly for lightly contaminated and abrasive liquids and slurries.
3. Closed Impeller : This impeller has the vanes enclosed on both sides by a shroud
and is the most efficient impeller, used for clean or very slightly contaminated
liquids.
ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 Simple in construction and cheap

 Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
 No metal to metal fits
 No valves involved in pump operation
 Maintenance costs are lower
 DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS

 Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently

 Cannot be operated at high heads
 Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range
of conditions
 PUMP SELECTION
The amount of fluid

The properties of the fluid

Type of power supply

Cost and mechanical efficiency of the pump

 CAPACITY PRESSURE

LOW HIGH HIGHER SMALL OR MODERATE

MODERATE OR HIGH

GEAR LOBE CENTRIFUGAL

RECIPROCATING
or
RIGID SCREW
ROTARY
PLUNGER
or
ROTARY
PISTON
 DIAGNOSTIC CHART FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TROUBLES
(source of document unknow n)
PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSES
Pump does not deliver water 1—2—3—4—6—11—14—16—17—22—23
Insufficient capacity delivered 2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10—13—16—19—21—22—28—29—30
Insufficient pressure delivered 5—13—15—16—19—21—28—29—30
Pump looses prime after starting 2—3—5—6—7—8—10—11—12
Pump requires excessive power 14—15—16—17—18—19—22—23—25—26—28—32—33—36
Stuffing box leaks excessively 12—23—25—31—32—33—34—35—37—38—39
Packing has short life 11—12—23—25—27—31—32—33—34—35—36—37—38—39
Pump vibrates or is noisy 2—3—4—9—10—20—22—23—24—25—26—27—29—34—35—40—
41—42—43—44—45—46
Bearings have short life 23—25—26—27—34—35—40—41—42—43—44—45—46
Pump overheats and seizes 1—4—20—21—23—26—27—34—35—40
LIST OF POSSIBLE CAUSES
Suction troubles 25. Shaft bent
1. Pump not primed 26. Rotating part rubbing on stationary part
2. Pump or suction pipe not completely filled with liquid 27. Bearings worn
3. Suction pipe lift too high 28. Wearing rings worn
4. Insufficient margin between suction pressure and vapor 29. Impeller damaged
pressure 30. Casing gasket defective permitting internal leakage
5. Excessive amount of air or gas in liquid 31. Shaft or shaft sleeves worn or scored at the packing
6. Air pocket in suction line 32. Packing improperly installed
7. Air leaks in suction line 33. Incorrect type of packing for operating conditions
8. Air leaks into pump through stuffing box 34. Shaft running off center because of worn bearings or
9. Foot valve too small or partially clogged misalignment
10. Inlet of suction pipe insufficiently submerged 35. Rotor out of balance resulting in vibration
11. Water seal pipe plugged 36. Gland too tight resulting in no flow of liquid to lubricate
12. Seal cage improperly located in stuffing box, preventing packing
sealing fluid entering space to form seal 37. Failure to provide cooling liquid to water cooled stuffing
System troubles box
13. Speed too low 38. Excessive clearance at bottom of stuffing box between the
14. Speed too high shaft and casing, causing packing to be forced into pump
15. Wrong direction of rotation interior
16. Total head of system higher than design head of pump 39. Dirt or grit in sealing liquid, leading to scoring of shaft or
17. Total head of system lower than design head of pump shaft sleeves
18. Specific gravity of liquid different from design 40. Excessive thrust caused by a mechanical failure inside
19. Viscosity of liquid different from design criteria the pump or by the failure of the hydraulic balancing device, if
20. Operation at very low capacity any
21. Parallel operation of pumps unsuitable for such operation 41. Excessive grease or oil in bearing housing or lack of
Mechanical troubles cooling, causing excessive bearing temperature
22. Foreign matter in impeller 42. Lack of lubrication
23. Misalignment 43. Improper installation of antifriction bearings (damage
24. Foundations not rigid during assembly, incorrect assembly of stacked bearings, use
of unmatched bearings as a pair, etc.)
44. Dirt getting into bearings
45. Rusting of bearings due to water getting into housing
5764 Monkland avenue, Suite 311, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 1E9 Tel: 514.484.PUMP (7867) Fax: 514.484.2294
E-mail: jchaurette@f luidedesign.com Web site: w w w .f luidedesign.com
 Mechanical seal
1.Mechanical seal introduction
2. Components of mechanical
seal
3.Types of mechanical seal
4.Working of Mechanical seal
5.Advantages
6.Disadvantages
7.Application
 Mechanical seal introduction
 Mechanical seals have the purpose of
preventing leakage of a fluid (liquid or
gaseous) through the clearance between a
shaft and the fluid container.
 In modern process/chemical industry
where highly corrosive and expensive
fluid are handled, leaks are not tolerated.
 Since soft packing works on principle of
controlled leakage, the system is not
accepted hence mechanical seal
preferred as they tend to seal with no
visible leakage.
 Functions
 To prevent the escape of fluid.
 To prevent the clearance
between rotating shaft and
passage way through wall of
housing/casing.
 To prevent liquid under
pressure from leaking out of
the pump.
 Primary Sealing Points

 Between stationary element and

casing.
 Between rotary element and shaft.
 Between mating surfaces of rotating
and stationary element.
Components of Mechanical seal
Every mechanical seal possesses five basic
elements:
 One ring (usually the seal face) circulating
synchronously with the rotating part (shaft)
 Secondary seal (usually O-ring) between shaft and
ring
 A stationary ring (usually the stationary seat)
arranged in the stationary part (casing)
 Secondary seal (usually O-ring) between these
parts
 Spring for the seal face.
Types of Mechanical seal

Mechanical Seal Types. ...

 Pusher and Non-Pusher. ...
 Balanced and Unbalanced. ...
 Conventional. ...
 Cartridge type……..
 Pusher and Non-Pusher
 Pusher seals utilize a dynamic
secondary seal which moves axially
with the major seal face.
 Non-pusher seals have a static
secondary seal which stays stationary
against the shaft or sleeve
 Balanced and Unbalanced
 The balanced seal has the same opening (face) area as
the unbalanced seal, but the closing area has been
reduced in relation to the face area. Because force
equals pressure times area, reducing the closing area
reduces the closing force. Consequently, less heat is
generated and the seal generally has a longer life. They
are better able to handle liquids with low lubricity and
high vapour pressures.
 The term “unbalanced” is used when the stuffing box
pressure times the area exposed to the pumped fluid
(closing force), acting to close the seal faces, is greater
than the average pressure between the seal faces times
the area of contact between the faces. Unbalanced
seals are often more stable than balanced seals when
subjected to vibration, misalignment, and cavitation.
The disadvantage is their relatively low-pressure limit.
 Conventional seal


These are relatively simple

mechanical seals that have to be
properly set and aligned on the
shaft or the sleeve of the pump.
 Cartridge type seal
 Cartridge seals are self-contained units
consisting of a shaft sleeve, seal, and
gland plate. The unit is fitted onto
the pump shaft as a built assembly, and
no further fitting is required. Cartridge
seals are an attempt to over-come the
fitting problems of conventional seals.
Working of Mechanical seal
 Stationary seal face (mating ring) is sealed to gland and
held in place around pump shaft by gland.
 Rotating seal (primary) is sealed to shaft by an
elastomeric element and is pressed against stationary
face by spring.
 Spring applies pressure to rotating primary face by
pressing against collar fastened to pump shaft.
 Since stationary face is sealed to gland and rotating
face is sealed to shaft, only way for liquid to leak out of
stuffing box is to pass between faces , so to avoid it
they are being pressed together by spring.
 As long as seal faces stay clean, smooth and lubricated
they will eliminate all leakage between shaft and wall
of stuffing box.
 Advantages

 It handles a wide range of liquids

including acids, salts and rough particles.
 Long working life.
 Mechanical seal handle marginally
misaligned/non-concentric
 The operation of seal does not bring
about shaft wear.
 Handle Bi-directional shaft revolution,
huge weight, temperature and speed
trips.
 Disadvantages

 It requires more space than outspread lip

seals.
 Sealing countenances must be done
smooth (0.08 to 0.4 micro meter) and can
get effectively harmed.
 High beginning expense.
 Skilled operator is required.
Applications
 Drainage wells pumps
 Wastewater treatment
 Centrifugal pumps
 Self-priming pumps
 Abrasive liquids pumping
 Thick liquids pumping
 High temperature liquids pumping
 High pressure liquids pumping
Thanks
for listening