Comparative Study of Different

Multilevel Inverter Using

Generic SPWM Technique
Presented by Supervised by
Sahib Al-Kowser Arif Ahammad
Imtiaz Ahmed Assistant Professor,
Dept. of EEE ,SUST
 What is an inverter?
• An inverter converts the DC voltage to an AC voltage
• The input DC voltage is usually lower while the output AC is equal to
the grid supply voltage of either 120 volts, or 240 Volts depending on
the country
• While at the same time regulating the voltage, current, and frequency
of the signal
 History of Inverter
The earliest inverter was developed to serve the needs of World War
II
The early units used mechanical vibrators to oscillate DC power into
square wave AC
 In the early 1960s, solid state transistors replaced the mechanical
vibrators
In 1986, one of the inverter models were included a microprocessor
control circuit
 Working of an Inverter
• Converter section
• Bus capacitor section
• Inverting section
Working of an Inverter
 Characteristics of a good INVERTER
• Its output voltage waveform should be sinusoidal.
• Its gain should be high.
• Its output voltage and frequency should be controllable in the desired
voltage.
• The power required by its controlling circuit should be minimum.
• Its overall cost must be minimum
• Its working life must be long.
• The semi conductor device used in the inverter should be minimum
switching and conduction losses.
 Classification of Inverter

(I) According to the Output Characteristic

• Square Wave Inverter

• Sine Wave Inverter
• Modified Sine Wave Inverter
(II) According to the Source of Inverter

• Current Source Inverter

• Voltage Source Inverter
(III) According to the Type of Load
 Classification of Inverter
(a)Single Phase Inverter

• Half Bridge Inverter

• Full Bridge Inverter

(b)Three Phase Inverter

• 180-degree mode
• 120-degree mode
 Classification of Inverter
(IV) According to different PWM Technique

• Multiple Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM)

• Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
Phase Deposition PWM(PD)
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM (POD)
Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition PWM
Phase Shift PWM
Carrier Overlapping PWM
Multi Carrier Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation with Variable Frequency PWM
 Classification of Inverter
• Modified sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (MSPWM)

(V) According to Number of Output Level

• Regular Two-Level Inverter

• Multi-Level Inverter
Classification of Inverter
 What we have demonstrated?
• We have created models of different multilevel inverters with five
level using Simulink
• Then we have simulated those models and observe the output curves
• Total harmonic distortion have calculated distortion for each model
and the results were compared
• Efficiency for each model have been calculated and compared
• Comparing those, a new topology with better efficiency and total
harmonic distorton will be represented in future work
 What is Total Harmonic Distortion(THD)?
THD is defined as the ratio of the equivalent root mean square (RMS)
voltage of all the harmonic frequencies (from the 2nd harmonic
on) over the RMS voltage of the fundamental frequency

Vn_rms is the RMS voltage of the nth harmonic

Vfund_rms is the RMS voltage of the fundamental frequency
 Importance of THD
• In power systems, where a low THD means higher power factor lower
peak currents, and higher efficiency
• In audio systems, where low THD means that the audio signal is a
more faithful reproduction of the original recording
• In communication systems, where low THD means less interference
with other devices and higher transmit power for the signal of
interest
 Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter
H-Bridge Cell
• Each H-Bridge Cell consists of four switches and
four diodes as shown in the picture.
• Like every H-Bridge, different combinations of
switch positions determine different voltages
such as V+, V- and 0.
• Two switching combinations are present for 0
volts.
• S1 and S2 are connected to positive voltage and
S3 and S4 are connected to negative voltage.
Fig: H Bridge cell
 Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter
Single Phase Multilevel Inverter

• The number of output levels from a multilevel inverter depends upon the
number of separate DC sources attached to it.
• The relation is m=2s+1 ,where m is level & s the number of source
• All the outputs from H-Bridges should be quarter symmetric to generate a sin
like wave.
• No even harmonics are present.
 Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter

• Two H bridge have been connected

• Produces a five level output
• Switching sequence is set such that every level has equal
time to maintain that level

Fig: 5 level CHBMLI

Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter

Fig: Output waveform & THD

 Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter
• Diode is used as the clamping device to clamp the dc bus
voltage so as to achieve steps in the output voltage
• An n level inverter needs (n-1) voltage sources, 2(n-1) switching
devices and (n-1) (n-2) diodes

Fig: Single phase five level DCMLI

Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter

Fig: Output waveform & THD

 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter
• The basic principle of this converter is that one end of the flying capacitor
is being linked between two switches which are being switched off, and
the other end will be connected to a voltage

Component Number
Levels m
Switches and parallel diodes 2(m-1)

DC Link Capacitors m-1

Clamp capacitors (m-2) (m-1)/2

Fig: FCMLI
Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter

Fig: Output waveform & THD

 What is SPWM?
• SPWM or sinusoidal pulse width
modulation, the width of the signal is
increasing and decreaseing and that
simulating the curve of the sine wave.
• With small width pulse, the output will
incrase a little bit and that represents
the zone after the 0 cross of the sine
wave.

Fig: SPWM
 SPWM TECHNIQUES

Phase Deposition PWM(PD)

• In this method all the carrier signals
of same frequency, amplitude and
phase, but having different DC offset to
occupy different levels, are compared
with a single sine modulating signal.
• The intersection points of the modulating
signal with the respective triangular
signals are the points, where the gating
signals for the switches of respective
levels are generated.
Fig: Phase Deposition PWM
 SPWM TECHNIQUES

Phase Opposition Disposition PWM (POD)

• This method also contains carrier signals
with same frequency, amplitude but differ in
phase
• the carrier signals above reference zero
voltage are in 1800 out of phase with the
carrier signals below the zero reference
voltage

Fig: Phase opposition deposition PWM

 SPWM TECHNIQUES

Alternative Phase Opposition

Disposition PWM
• This method also contains carrier
signals with same frequency and
amplitude but each carrier wave
is 1800 out of phase with the
adjacent one

Fig: Alternate Phase Opposition Deposition PWM

 SPWM TECHNIQUES

Carrier Overlapping PWM

• In this method for an m-level
inverter, m-1 carrier signals
are used which have the
same frequency and same
peak to peak amplitude.
• The carrier signals are
disposed such that the band
they occupy overlap each
other and overlap each other
till half of its amplitude Fig: Carrier Overlaping PWM
Comparison of Efficiency
Comparison of THD
Future Work
Conclusion
Thank You