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and Potential
E
q0
A B
d = 14.6 •10-15m
235 Unucleus + n Ba Kr
(92 protons) (56 p) (36 p)
Conservation of Energy of a particle
1
• Kinetic Energy (K) K mv 2
– non-relativistic 2
• Potential Energy (U) U ( x , y , z )
– determined by force law
• for Conservative Forces: K+U is constant
– total energy is always constant
• examples of conservative forces
– gravity; gravitational potential energy
– springs; coiled spring energy (Hooke’s Law): U(x)=kx2
– electric; electric potential energy (today!)
• examples of non-conservative forces (heat)
– friction
– viscous damping (terminal velocity)
Electric potential energy
• Imagine two positive charges, one with charge Q1,
the other with charge Q2:
Q1 Q2
• Reasons?
– Work had to be done to assemble the charges (from infinity)
into their final positions.
– This work is the potential energy of the field.
– The potential energy of a system of N charges is defined to be
the algebraic sum of the potential energy for every pair of
charges.
(The electrons
are all
“far” away)
235Unucleus + n Ba Kr
(92 protons) (56 p) (36 p)
U
kq1q2
e e(2 108 V) = 200 MeV
15
d 14.6 10 m
Compare this to the typical energy released in a chemical reaction, ~10eV.
By allowing the two fragments to fly apart, this potential energy
kinetic energy heat drives a turbine generate electricity.
(What holds the protons together in the nucleus to begin with? Gluons!
The “strong force” very short range, very very strong!)
Electric Potential Energy -q
• Example 2: What is the potential energy of d 2d
this collection of charges?
+2q d -q
Step 1: Bring in +2q from infinity. This costs nothing.
-Q d -Q d +Q -Q d +Q
-Q
d d d d d
-Q +Q
+Q
(a) (b) (c)
• Consider the 3 collections of point charges shown
below.
– Which collection has the smallest potential energy?
-Q d -Q d +Q -Q d +Q
-Q
d d d d d
-Q +Q
+Q
(a) (b) (c)
U
(b) (c) 0 (a)
Preflight 5:
A
Two charges which are equal in
magnitude, but opposite in sign are
placed at equal distances from
point A.
•You could also determine the sign directly from the definition:
• The integral is the sum of the tangential (to the path) component
of the electric field along a path from A to B.
• This integral does not depend upon the exact path chosen to
move from A to B.
line
integral
Potential from a point charge q
Potential from N charges
The potential from a collection of N charges is just
the algebraic sum of the potential due to each charge
separately (this is much easier to calculate than the
net electric field, which would be a vector sum).
Q1
Q3
Q2 r1p
1 Q1 1 Q2 1 Q3
r2p r3p
Vat P
4 o r1 p 4 o r2 p 4 o r3 p
P 4
Appendix B: Calculation of potential from a dipole
reflight 5:
+5 μC -3 μC
A
x x x
x x x
The key here is to realize that to calculate the total potential at a point, we
must only make an ALGEBRAIC sum of the individual contributions.