The Bones of Limbs

Bones of upper limb

Composition:
 Should girdle
 Clavicle
 Scapula
 Bones of free upper limb
 Arm: humerus

 Forearm
 Radius
 Ulna
 Bones of hand
 Carpal bones
 Metacarpal bones
 Phalanges of fingers
 Clavicle

 “S” shaped, medial 2/3

convex forward and
lateral 1/3 convex
backward
 Sternal end medially
and acromial end
laterally
 Scapula
Three borders
 Superior: coracoid process
scapular notch
 Lateral (axillary) border
 Medial (vertebral) border
Three angles
 Superior: opposite to the 2nd rib
 Inferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals space
 Lateral: glenoid cavity
supra- and infraglenoid tubercles
Two surfaces
 Anterior surface concave:
subscapular fossa
 Posterior surface:
 spine of scapula
 acromion
 supra- and infraspinous fossae
 Humerus
Upper end:
 Head of humerus
 Anatomical neck
 Greater tubercle
 Lesser tubercle
 Crest of greater tubercle
 Crest of lesser tubercle
 Intertubercular groove
 Surgical neck
 Humerus
Shaft:
 Deltoid tuberosity (on
lateral surface)

 Groove for radial

nerve (on posterior
surface)
 Humerus
Lower end:
 Lateral epicondyle
 Medial epicondyle
 Capitulum
 Trochlea
 Coranoid fossa (anteriorly)
 Radial fossa (anteriorly)
 Olecranon fossa (posteriorly)
 Sulcus for ulnar nerve
 Radius
Upper end:
 head of radius
 neck of radius
 radial tuberosity
 articular circumference
Shaft：
 interosseous border
Lower end:
 styloid process (laterally)
 ulnar notch (medially)
 carpal articular surface (inferiorly)
 Ulnar
Upper end:
 Olecranon
 coronoid process
 trochlear notch
 radial notch
 ulnar tubersity
Lower end
 styloid process
 head of ulna
Anteroposterior radiograph of the forearm of
a girl aged 11
 Colles’ fracture

 Normally, the radial styloid

process projects further
distally than the ulnar
styloid process.
 Consequently, when
fracture within the distal 2
cm of the radius (Colles’
fracture) occurs, this
relationship is reversed
because of shortening of
the radius.
 Carpal bones
Proximal row ― (lateral to medial)
 Scaphoid
 Lunate
 Triquetral
 Pisiform
Distal row ― (lateral to medial)
 Trapezium
 Trapezoid
 Capitate
 Hamate
 Carpal bones

C. Td. Tm.
H.

Tq.
L. S.
P.

scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
 Metacarpal bones
 Numbered one to five from
thumb to little finger
 Structure of each
 base (proximally)
 Shaft
 head (distally)
 Phalanges of fingers
 Consist of 14 ―two for first
digit (thumb) and three for
each of other four digits
 Structure of each
 base (proximally)
 Shaft
 trochlea of phalanx (distally)
 tuberosity of distal phalanx
 Bones of Lower Limb
Composition:
 Pelvic girdle: hip bone

 Bones of free lower limb:

 Thigh
 Femur
 Patella
 Leg
 Tibia
 Fibula
 Foot
 Tarsal bones
 Metatarsal bones
 Phalanges of toes
 Hip bone
Consisting of three fused
bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis

Acetabulum
 Formed by bodies of ilium,
ischium and pubis
 Lunate surface
 Acetabular fossa
 Acetabular notch
 Ilium
Body of ilium
Ala of ilium
 Iliac crest
 Anterior superior iliac spine
 Anterior inferior iliac spine
 Tubercle of iliac crest
 Posterior superior iliac spine
 Posterior inferior iliac spine
 Greater sciatic notch
 Gluteal surface
 Iliac fossa
 Arcuate line
 Auricular surface
 Iliac tuberosity
 An imaginary line joining
the highest point on the
iliac crests over the fourth
lumbar spine.
 Ischium

 Body of ischium
 Ischial spine
 Lesser sciatic notch
 Ramus of ischium
 ischial tuberosity
 Pubis
 Body of pubis
 Iliopubic eminence
 Superior ramus of pubis
 pecten of pubis
 pubic tubercle
 pubic crest
 symphysial surface
 Inferior ramus of pubis
 Obturator foramen
 Femur
Upper end
 Femoral head
 Fovea of femoral head
 Neck of femur
 Greater trochanter
 Lesser trochanter
 Intertrochanteric line
 Intertrochanteric crest
Fracture of the femoral neck
 Femur
Shaft:
 Linea aspera
 Gluteal tuberosity
 Pectineal line
 Popliteal surface
 Femur
Lower end:
 Medial condyle
 Lateral condyle
 Medial epicondyle
 Lateral epicondyle
 Adductor tubercle
 Intercondylar fossa
 Patellar surface
 Tibia
Upper end:
 Medial and lateral condyles
 Intercondylar eminence
 fibular articular surface
 tuberosity of tibia
Shaft
 Interosseous border
 Soleal line
Lower end:
 Fibular notch
 Medial malleolus
 Fibula
Upper end:
 fibular head
 neck of fibula
Shaft:
 interosseous border
Lower end:
 lateral malleolus
 Patella

 triangular sesamoid bone

 Tarsal bones
Consist of seven short bones arranged in three
row
Posterior row
 talus
 calcaneus
Intermediate row
 navicular bone
Anterior row
 Medial cuneiform
 Intermediate cuneiform
 lateral cuneiform
 cuboid bone
 Metatarsal bones
 Consist of five elongated bones,
numbered one to five medial to
lateral
 Structure of each ―base (proximally),
shaft, and head (distally) in each
 Phalanges of toes
Consist of 14―two for first toe
(hallux) and three for each of
other four toes
※Surface landmarks:
 trochlea of talus
 calcaneal tuberosity
 tuberosity of navicular bone
 tuberosity of fifth metatarsal
bone