EXERCISE 1: PHYLUM PROTOZOA

Group 1 – Albaran, Melendez, Puyo,

Yee
 PHYLUM PROTOZOA
• Protozoa are heterotrophic, motile,
unicellular organisms of small size. They are
NOT ANIMALS because animals in more recent
classification are multicellular and have more
than one kind of non-productive cell and
undergo embryonic development. The
protozoa are grouped under the Kingdom
Portis with algae.
 CLASS SARCODINA
• The sarcodines move and engulf their prey
with pseudopodia. The taxonomy of the
group is based primarily upon the type of
pseudopodia and test (shell), if present.

*PSEUDOPODIA - A pseudopod or pseudopodium is a

temporary cytoplasm-filled projection of an eukaryotic cell
membrane or a unicellular protist. Pseudopods may be used for
motility, or for ingesting nutrients or other particulate matter.
 ORDER AMOEBINA
• With lobopodial or filopodial pseudopodia.
They are typical ameboid protozoa.
 AMOEBA PROTEUS
LPO HPO
 CHAOS CHAOS
LPO HPO
• Aside from the free living forms, some species
of amoeba are either commensalistic or
parasitic. Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba
histolytica are examples of these.
 ENTAMOEBA COLI TROPHOZOITE
LPO HPO
 ENTAMOEBA COLI CYST
LPO HPO
 ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA TROPHOZOITE

LPO HPO
 ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA CYST
LPO HPO
 ORDER FORAMINIFERA
• With rhizopodial pseudopodia; majority with
a gelatinous siliceous test which may be
perforate or imperforate and with one to
many chambers. Foramineferan shells are
common along tidal flats and beaches and
among corals.
 FORAMINEFERANS
LPO HPO
 ORDER RADIOLARIA
• The pseudopodia are slender (axopodia type)
and have an axial filament for support. The
skeleton is in the form of a beautiful lattice
work usually made of silica except in one
group which has Strontium sulphate or
Calcium aluminum silicate in its shell.
Radiolarians are strictly marine organisms.
 RADIOLARIANS
LPO HPO
 CLASS CILIATA and SUCIORIA
• The ciliates are distinguished by having short hair-
like structures on the surface of the body, plus the
presence of 2 kinds of nuclei. The class is divided
into 2 subclasses based on whether the cilia is
present throughout life (infusoria) or only during
juvenile stage (suctoria) after which the cilia are
replaced by tentacles. The cilia are more or less
arranged in distinct patterns. This arrangement is
used as a basis for classification of the class into
orders.
 ORDER HOLOTRICHA
• Cilia are more or less uniformly distributed
over the body surface.
 DIDINIUM
LPO HPO
 PARAMECIUM

LPO 100x HPO 400x

PARAMECIUM
 ORDER PERITRICHA
• This group of ciliates is vase to bell shaped
and has the cilia more or less restricted to the
edoral region. An inner and outer circlet of
cilia guide the food counter-clockwise to a
groove ending in the vestibule (space
between the peristome and the cytopharynx)
 VORTICELLA
LPO HPO
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1.) How does the genus Entamoeba differ
from the genus Amoeba?
 2.) Discuss on the morphological differences
between Radiolarians and Foraminiferans.
• Morphological Differences Radiolarians
– make silica or strontium skeletons in the shape of needles
or shields and are generally delicate
– are single-celled or colonial protozoa
– sizes vary from <100 μm to very large species with
diameters of 1–2 mm - they consist of many needle
– like pseudopods supported by bundles of microtubules,
which aid in the radiolarian's buoyancy
– their cell nucleus and other organelles are in the endoplasm
– ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets,
keeping them buoyant.
• Foraminiferans
– build roundish shells or perforated chambered shell
made of calcium carbonate or agglutinated sediment
particles hence they are more robust
– produce an external shell called test which can have
either one or multiple chambers
– chambers are separated by partitions, with small
openings called foramina that connect the chambers.
The final chamber (the last one added) has an opening
or openings to the exterior, called the aperture
– are usually less than 1 mm in size, but some are much
larger, the largest species reaching up to 20 cm.
– have streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food
and other uses
3.) What common characteristics are found
between radiolarians and Foraminiferans.
• they are both amoeboid unicellular
eukaryotes
• both produce extensions of their cytoplasm
known as pseudopodia
• when they die, their shells and skeletons sink
to the bottom of the sea, forming layers of
marine sediments.
 4.) Enumerate the characteristics common to all groups
presented here?

• The characteristics found in all protozoans are that they are

known to be acellular or non-cellular organisms. they are
heterotrophic (holophytic (like plant) or holozoic (like
animal) or saprophytic or parasitic)their habitat are mostly
in aquatic, either free living or parasitic or commensal. the
protoplasmic grade of organization is a Single cell that
performs all the vital activities thus the single cell acts like a
whole body (ex digestion is intracellular). they are capable
of locomotion, due to having a cilia or pseudopodia (false
foot). their respiration is through the body surface and they
reproduce Asexually reproduction through binary fission or
budding or Sexual reproduction by syngamy conjugation.
 5.) Construct a sample key to the species of sarcodines
presented here.
Sarcodines

Is in Family Is NOT in Family

Amoebidae Amoebidae

Chaos Amoeba Foraminiferan Radiolarian

chaos proteus Entamoeba s s
hist cyst Made out of Silica
Made out of
Entamoeba Entamoeba or strontium
Calcium carbonate
hist troph coli cyst skeleton
non- parasitic
parasitic
Foraminiferan Radiolarian
s s
Amoeba Entamoeba
proteus hist cyst

Chaos Entamoeba Entamoeba

chaos hist troph coli cyst
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