UNIT 03

RISC PROCESSORS (ARM)

BY
Mr. M. SAKTHIMOHAN
MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER:
MICROCONTROLLER TYPES
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a small, low-cost and self contained
computer-on-a-chip that can be used as an embedded
system.
Microcontroller is a compressed micro computer
manufactured to control the functions of embedded systems
in office machines, robots, home appliances, motor vehicles,
and a number of other gadgets.
A microcontroller is comprises components like – memory,
peripherals and most importantly a processor.
The basic structure of a microcontroller comprise of:-
CPU, Memory, Input/output ports, Serial Ports, Timers, ADC
(Analog to digital converter), DAC (digital to analog converter),
Interpret Control, Special Functioning Block
How are Microcontrollers Classified?

The microcontrollers are characterized regarding bus-

width, instruction set, and memory structure. For the same
family, there may be different forms with different
sources.

Classification According to Number of Bits:

8-bit microcontroller
16-bit microcontroller
32-bit microcontroller
Classification According to Memory Devices:
The memory devices are divided into two types, they are
Embedded memory microcontroller
External memory microcontroller
Embedded memory microcontroller:
When an embedded system has a microcontroller unit that
has all the functional blocks available on a chip is called an
embedded microcontroller. For example, 8051 having
program & data memory, I/O ports, serial communication,
counters and timers and interrupts on the chip is an
embedded microcontroller.
External Memory Microcontroller:
When an embedded system has a microcontroller unit that
has not all the functional blocks available on a chip is called
an external memory microcontroller. For example, 8031 has
no program memory on the chip is an external memory
microcontroller.
Classification According to Instruction Set:
CISC: CISC is a Complex Instruction Set Computer. It allows the
programmer to use one instruction in place of many simpler
instructions.
RISC: The RISC is stands for Reduced Instruction set Computer, this
type of instruction sets reduces the design of microprocessor for
industry standards. It allows each instruction to operate on any
register or use any addressing mode and simultaneous access of
program and data.
From below example, RISC systems shorten execution time by
reducing the clock cycles per instruction and CISC systems shorten
execution time by reducing the number of instructions per program.
The RISC gives a better execution than the CISC.
Classification According to Memory Architecture:
On the basis of architecture the types of microcontroller
are:
1) Havard Architecture: In Havard architecture separate
storage and signal buses are provided for different set of
instructions and data. This architecture has the entire
data storage within the CPU and there is no access
available for instruction storage as data.
• This architecture provides simultaneous access to an
instructions and data stored inside internal buses of
microcontroller.
2) Von Neumann Architecture: This architecture of
microcontroller was proposed by scientist John Von
Neumann. In this architecture for both instruction and data
a single data path or bus is present.
• Therefore the CPU performs a single operation at a time.
It either performs Read/Write operation on data, or
fetches a set of instruction from memory. Hence
instruction fetch and a data transfer operation cannot
occur simultaneously by using a common bus.
• Let's see the block diagram of Von Neumann
Architecture:
Classification According to the basis of Service Provider:

1) AVR: AVR microcontroller is developed by Atmel service provider,

AVR architecture is based on the Harvard architecture. It is based
on Reduced Instruction Set Computers(RISC). AVR is not an
acronym it is just a name given to the RISC architecture based
microcontroller.
2) PIC: PIC microcontroller is also a Harvard architecture based
controller. PIC is an acronym stands for "Peripheral Interface
Controller". This type of microcontroller supports programming in
C, Assembly and BASIC C.
3) Hitachi: Hitachi microcontroller belongs to H8 family of the
controller. H8 is name used in large family of 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit
microcontroller developed by Renesas Technology, founded in an
early 1990s within Hitachi semiconductors.
4) Motorola: Motorola microcontroller is highly integrated
microcontroller that is used for high-performance data manipulation
operation. This microcontroller unit uses a System Integration
Module (SIM), Time Processing Unit (TPU) and Queued Serial
RISC
ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY

BY
Mr. M. SAKTHIMOHAN
 RISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Microprocessor architecture
• Designed to perform a set of smaller
computer instructions so that it can operate
at higher speeds
CISC vs RISC
Before the RISC era
• Compilers were hard to build especially for machines with registers
• Make machine do more work than software
• Have instructions load and store directly to memory (memory-to-memory
operations)
• Software costs were rising and hardware costs were dropping
• Move as much functionality to hardware
• Magnetic core memory was used as main memory which was slow and
expensive
• Minimize assembly code
• Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
• Use complex instructions “MULT”, “ADD”…
Technology was advancing
• Compilers were improving
• Simple compilers found it difficult to use more complex instructions
• Optimizing compilers rarely needed more powerful instructions
• Caches
• allowed main memory to be accessed at similar speeds to control memory
• Semiconductor memory was replacing magnetic core memory
• Reduced performance gap between control and main memory
Inception of RISC
• 1974 – John Cocke (IBM) proved that 80% of work was done using
only 20% of the instructions
• Three RISC projects
• IBM 801 machine (1974)
• Berkeley’s RISC-I and RISC-II processors (1980)
• Stanford’s MIPS processor (1981)
• 1986 – announcement of first commercial RISC chip
RISC Approach
• Use only simple instructions that can be executed within one clock
cycle
• Fewer transistors for instructions = more registers
• Pipelining
• Register-to-register operations
• Operand reuse
• Reduction of load/store
Pipelining
Sequential
IF ID O OE O
F S
IF ID O OE O
F S
Clock Cycle IF ID O OE O
F S

Pipelined
IF – Instruction Fetch
IF ID O OE O
F S ID – Instruction Decode
IF ID O OE O
Clock Cycle

F S OF – Operand Fetch
IF ID O OE O
OE – Operand Execution
F S
OS – Operation Store

Time
Pipelining
Data Dependency
IF – Instruction Fetch
IF ID O OE O
ID – Instruction Decode
F S
IF ID O OE O OF – Operand Fetch
F S
OE – Operand Execution
OS – Operation Store

IF ID O OE O
F S

Branch Address Dependency

IF ID O OE O
F S
IF ID O OE O
F S
Pipelining
• Data dependencies can be addressed by reordering the instructions
when possible (compiler)
• Performance degradation from branches can be reduced by branch
prediction or executing instructions for both branches until the
correct branch is identified
Other Advantages
• New microprocessors can be developed and tested more quickly if
being less complicated is one of it’s aims
• Smaller instruction sets are easier for compiler programmers to use