Introduction to

Pneumatics
Air Production System Air Consumption System

2
 What can Pneumatics do?
• Operation of system valves for air, water or chemicals
• Operation of heavy or hot doors
• Unloading of hoppers in building, steel making, mining and chemical industries
• Ramming and tamping in concrete and asphalt laying
• Lifting and moving in slab molding machines
• Crop spraying and operation of other tractor equipment
• Spray painting
• Holding and moving in wood working and furniture making
• Holding in jigs and fixtures in assembly machinery and machine tools
• Holding for gluing, heat sealing or welding plastics
• Holding for brazing or welding
• Forming operations of bending, drawing and flattening
• Spot welding machines
• Riveting
• Operation of guillotine blades
• Bottling and filling machines
• Wood working machinery drives and feeds
• Test rigs
• Machine tool, work or tool feeding
• Component and material conveyor transfer
• Pneumatic robots
• Auto gauging
• Air separation and vacuum lifting of thin sheets
• Dental drills
3
• and so much more… new applications are developed daily
 Properties of compressed air
• Availability

• Storage

• Simplicity of design and control

• Choice of movement

• Economy

4
 Properties of compressed air
• Reliability

• Resistance to Environment

• Environmentally clean.

• Safety

5
 What is Air?
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Argon
Nitrous Oxide
Water Vapor

In a typical cubic foot of air --- The weight of a

there are over 3,000,000 one square inch
particles of dust, dirt, pollen, column of air
and other contaminants. (from sea level
Industrial air may be 3 times (or more) to the outer atmosphere,
more polluted. @ 680 F, & 36% RH)
is 14.69 pounds.
6
 HUMIDITY & DEWPOINT

Temperature °C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3
g/m n *(Standard) 4.98 6.99 9.86 13.76 18.99 25.94 35.12 47.19 63.03
3
g/m (Atmospheric) 4.98 6.86 9.51 13.04 17.69 23.76 31.64 41.83 54.11
Temperature °C 0 –5 –10 –15 –20 –25 –30 –35 –40
3
g/m n (Standard) 4.98 3.36 2.28 1.52 1.00 0.64 0.4 0.25 0.15
3
g/m (Atmospheric) 4.98 3.42 2.37 1.61 1.08 0.7 0.45 0.29 0.18

Temperature °F 32 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

g/ft3 *(Standard) .137 .188 .4 .78 1.48 2.65 4.53 7.44 11.81
g/ft3 (Atmospheric) .137 .185 .375 .71 1.29 2.22 3.67 5.82 8.94
Temperature °F 32 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 –40
g/ft3 (Standard) .137 .126 .083 .053 .033 .020 .012 .007 .004
g/ft3 (Atmospheric) .137 .127 .085 .056 .036 .023 .014 .009 .005

7
 Pressure and Flow
10
p (bar) S = 1 mm 2
9
Example
8
P1 = 6bar
7
P1
6
 P = 1bar

P2 5 P2 = 5bar
4 Q = 54 l/min
3 (1 Bar = 14.5 psi)
2 Sonic Flow
Range
1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Q n (54.44 l / min) 3
Q (dm n /min)
8
Air Treatment

9
 Compressing Air
One cubic foot of air
Compression psig + 1 atm
ratio
=
1 atm

compressor

One cubic foot of

100 psig
7.8 cubic feet of free air
compressed air

CFM vs SCFM (at Standard conditions)

with 7.8 times the
moisture and dirt
Compressed air is always related at Standard conditions.

10
 Relative Humidity
Compressor Reservoir Adsorbtion Dryer Airline
Exit Tank Drop

Compressor

1 ft3 @100 psig 1 ft3 @100 psig 1 ft3 @100 psig 1 ft3 @100 psig
1950 F 770 F -200 F 770 F
100% RH 100% RH 100% RH 0.15% RH
57.1 .73 .01 .01
grams of grams of H20 grams of grams of
H2 0 H20 H20

56.37 .72
grams of grams of
H2 0 H2 0 11
 Air Mains

Dead-End
Main

Ring
Main
12
 Pressure
• It should be noted that the SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa)
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 (Newton per square meter)
• This unit is extremely small and so, to avoid huge numbers in
practice, an agreement has been made to use the bar as a unit
of 100,000 Pa.
• 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa = 1 bar

• Atmospheric Pressure
• =14.696 psi =1.01325 bar =1.03323 kgf/cm2.

13
Isothermic change (Boyle’s Law)
with constant temperature, the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely
proportional to its volume

• P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 • Example P2 = ?
• P1 = Pa (1.013bar)
• V1 = 1m³
• P2 = P1 x V1
• V2 = .5m³
V2
• P2 = 1.013 x 1
• V2 = P1 x V1 .5
P2 • = 2.026 bar

14
Isobaric change (Charles Law)
…volume
at constant pressure, a given mass of gas increases in volume by 1 of its
for every degree C in temperature rise. 273

• V1 = T1 • Example V2 = ?
• V2 T2 • V1 = 2m³
• T1 = 273°K (0°C)
• V2 = V1 x T2 • T2 = 303°K (30°C)
T1
• T2 = T1 x V2
• V2 = 2 x 303
V1
273
• = 2.219m³

15
10
Isochoric change Law of Gay Lussac
at constant volume, the pressure is proportional to the temperature

• P1 x P2 • Example P2 = ?
T1 x T2 • P1 = 4bar
• P2 = P1 x T2 • T1 = 273°K (O°C)
T1 • T2 = 298°K (25°C)
• T2 = T1 x P2
• P2 = 4 x 298
P1
273
• = 4.366bar

16
P1 = ________bar

T1 = _______°C ______°K

T2 = _______°C ______°K

17
 ø (mm)
2.5 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 30
1000 100000

500 50000
400 40000
300
F (N)

250 25000
200 20000
150 p : (bar) 10 7 5 15000
125 12500
100 10000

50 5000
40 4000
30
25 2500
20

F (N)
2000
15 1500
12.5 1250
10 1000

5 500
4 400

2.5 250
32 40 50 63 80 100 125 140 160 200 250 300
ø (mm)

18
 Force formula transposed
• Example
• D= 4 x FE • FE = 1600N
• P = 6 bar.
 x P
– D= 4 x 1600
3.14 x 600,000
– D= 6400
1884000
– D = .0583m
– D = 58.3mm
– A 63mm bore cylinder would be selected.

19
 Load Ratio
• This ratio expresses the percentage of the
required force needed from the maximum
available theoretical force at a given
pressure.

• L.R.= required force x 100%

max. available theoretical force

• Maximum load ratios

– Horizontal….70%~ 1.5:1
– Vertical…….50%~ 2.0:1 20
Cyl.Dia Mass (kg)  60° 45° 30° 
µ µ 0.2 µ µ 0.2 µ µ 0.2 µ µ 0.2
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
25 100 – – – – – – – 4 80
50 – – – – – – – 2.2 40
25 – (87.2) (96.7) 71.5 84.9 50.9 67.4 1 20
12.5 51.8 43.6 48.3 35.7 342.5 25.4 33.7 0.5 10
32 180 - - - - - 4.4 -
90 - - - - – 2.2 43.9
45 - (95.6) - 78.4 (93.1) 55.8 73.9 1.1 22
22.5 54.9 47.8 53 39.2 46.6 27.9 37 0.55 11
40 250 – – – – – – – 3.9 78
125 – – – – – (99.2) – 2 39
65 – – – 72.4 (86) 51.6 68.3 1 20.3
35 54.6 47.6 52.8 39 46.3 27.8 36.8 0.5 10.9
400 -- - - - 4 79.9
50
200 - – – _ – 2 40
100 – (87) (96.5) 71.3 84.8 50.8 67.3 1 20
50 50 43.5 48.3 35.7 42.4 25.4 33.6 0.5 0
63 650 – – – – 4.1 81.8
300 – – – – 1.9 37.8
150 (94.4) 82.3 (91.2) 67.4 80.1 48 63.6 0.9 18.9
75 47.2 41.1 45.6 33.7 40.1 24 31.8 0.5 9.4
80 1000 – – – – 3.9 78.1
500 – – – – 2 39
250 (97.6) 85 (94.3) 69.7 82.8 49.6 65.7 1 19.5
125 48.8 42.5 47.1 34.8 41.4 24.8 32.8 0.5 9.8
100 1600 – – – – 4 79.9
800 – – – – 2 40
400 – (87) (96.5) 71.4 84.4 50.8 67.3 1 20
200 50 43.5 48.3 35.7 42.2 25.4 33.6 0.5 10
Table 6.16 Load Ratios for 5 bar working pressure and friction coefficients of 0.01 and 0.2
21
 Speed control
• The speed of a cylinder is define by the
extra force behind the piston, above the
force opposed by the load

• The lower the load ratio, the better the

speed control.

22
 Angle of Movement
1. If we totally neglect friction, which cylinder diameter is needed to
horizontally push a load with an 825 kg mass with a pressure of 6 bar;
speed is not important.

2. Which cylinder diameter is necessary to lift the same mass with the
same pressure of 6 bar vertically if the load ratio can not exceed 50%.

3. Same conditions as in #2 except from vertical to an angle of 30°.

Assume a friction coefficient of 0.2.

4. What is the force required when the angle is increased to 45°?

23
 F = G · (sin  + µ · cos )

2 B
F=G F = µ ·G W a =m /2 · v

R a x
h

y
b c d  G
A
a b c d
Y axes, (vertical lifting force)….. sin x M
X axes, (horizontal lifting force)….cos x  x M
Total force = Y + X
 = friction coefficients
24
Example
 = .01
F = ________ (N)
150kg

40°

Force Y = sin  x M = .642 x 150 = 96.3 N

Force X = cos  x  x M = .766 x .01 x 150 = 1.149 N

Total Force = Y + X = 96.3 N + 1.149 N = 97.449 N

25
  = __

______kg

_____°

Force Y = sin  x M =

Force X = cos  x  x M =

Total Force = Y + X =

F = ________ (N)

26
Temperature °C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3
g/m n *(Standard) 4.98 6.99 9.86 13.76 18.99 25.94 35.12 47.19 63.03
3
g/m (Atmospheric) 4.98 6.86 9.51 13.04 17.69 23.76 31.64 41.83 54.11
Temperature °C 0 –5 –10 –15 –20 –25 –30 –35 –40
3
g/m n (Standard) 4.98 3.36 2.28 1.52 1.00 0.64 0.4 0.25 0.15
3
g/m (Atmospheric) 4.98 3.42 2.37 1.61 1.08 0.7 0.45 0.29 0.18

27
13
 Relative humidity (r.h.) = actual water content X
100% saturated quantity (dew point)

• Example 1 • From table 3.7 air at 25°C contains

23.76 g/m³

• T = 25°C • 23.76 g/m³ x .65 r.h = 15.44 g/m³

• r.h = 65%
• V = 1m³

28
13
 Relative Humidity Example 2

• V = 10m³ • From 3.17, 15°C = 13.04 g/m²

• T1= 15°C • 13.04 g/m² x 10m³ = 130.4 g
• 130.4 g x .65 r.h = 84.9 g
• T2= 25°C
• V2 = 1.013 x 10 = 1.44 m³
• P1 = 1.013bar 6 + 1.013
• P2 = 6bar • From 3.17, 25°C = 23.76 g/m²
• r.h = 65% • 23.76 g/m² x 1.44 m³ = 34.2 g
• ? H²0 • 84.9 - 34.2 = 50.6 g
will condense out
– 50.6 g of water will condense out

29
13
V = __________m³
T1= __________°C
T2= __________°C
P1 =__________bar
P2 =__________bar
r.h =__________%
? __________H²0
will condense out

30
 Formulae, for when more exact values are required
• Sonic flow = P1 + 1.013 > 1.896 x (P2 + 1,013)
• Pneumatic systems cannot operate under sonic flow conditions

• Subsonic flow = P1 + 1.013 < 1.896 x (P2 + 1,013)

• The Volume flow Q for subsonic flow equals:

• Q (l/min) = 22.2 x S (P2 + 1.013) x  P

31
16
 Sonic / Subsonic flow

• Example • P1 + 1.013 ? 1.896 x (P2 + 1.013)

• 7 + 1.013 ? 1.896 x (6.3 + 1.013)
• 8.013 ? 1.896 x 7.313
• P1 = 7bar
• 8.013 < 13.86 subsonic flow.
• P2 = 6.3bar • Q = 22.2 x S x (P2 + 1.013) x P
• S = 12mm² • Q = 22.2 x 12 x (6.3 + 1.013) x .7
• l/min • Q = 22.2 x 12 x 7.313 x .7
• Q = 22.2 x 12 x 5.119
• Q = 22.2 x 12 x 2.26
• Q = 602 l/min
32
16,17
P1 = _________bar

P2 = _________bar

S = _________mm²

Q = ____?_____l/min

33
 Receiver sizing
• Example • If
• V = capacity of receiver – Q = 5000
• Q = compressor output l/min – P1 = 9 bar
• Pa = atmospheric pressure – Pa = 1.013
• P1 = compressor output
pressure • V = 5000 x 1.013
• V = Q x Pa 9 + 1.013
P1 + Pa • V = 5065
10.013
• V = 505.84 liters

34
22
35
29
36
29
37
30
 Sizing compressor air mains
• Example • 30 = .24 kPa/m
• Q = 16800 l/min 125
• P1 = 9 bar (900kPa) • 16800 x .00001667 = 0.28 m³/s
• chart lines on Nomogram
• P = .3 bar (30kPa)
• L = 125 m pipe length
• P = kPa/m
L
• l/min x .00001667 = m³/s

38
31
 3 4"
100
2 90

1.5 3" 80
2 3.0 1
2.5 70

2.25 2.5"
60
2.0 0.5
3 1.75 2"
0.4
1.5 0.3 50
4
0.2
1.0 1.5" 40
5 0.9 0.15
0.8
6 0.1 1.25" 35
0.7
7 0.6
30
8 0.5 0.05 1"
9 0.4 0.04 25
10 0.03
0.3 0.025
11 0.02
12 0.25 3/4"
0.015 20
0.2
0.01
Line 1/2"
Pressure 0.15 15
(bar)
3/8"

²p Q (m3n /s
kPa / m
= bar /100 m
Pipe Length Reference Inner Pipe Dia. ,
Line mm 39
33
Type of Fitting Nominal pipe size (mm)
15 20 25 30 40 50 65 80 100 125
Elbow 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.4 3.2
90* Bend (long) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5
90* Elbow 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.9 5.4 7.1
180* Bend 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.7 4.1
Globe Valve 0.8 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.4 3.4 4.0 5.2 7.3 9.4
Gate Valve 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.2
Standard Tee 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5
Side Tee 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.7 3.7 4.1 6.4
Table 4.20 Equivalent Pipe Lengths for the main fittings

40
34
 Sizing compressor air mains
• Example 2 • 30kPa = 0.22kPa/m
135m
• Add fittings to example 1
• Chart lines on Nomogram
• From table 4.20
– 2 elbows @ 1.4m = 2.8m
– 2 90° @ 0.8m = 1.6m
– 6 Tees @ 0.7m = 4.2m
– 2 valves @ 0.5m = 1.0m
– Total = 9.6m
– 125m + 9.6 = 134.6m
– =135m

41
31
 3 4"
100
2 90

1.5 3" 80
2 3.0 1
2.5 70

2.25 2.5"
60
2.0 0.5
3 1.75 2"
0.4
1.5 0.3 50
4
0.2
1.0 1.5" 40
5 0.9 0.15
0.8
6 0.1 1.25" 35
0.7
7 0.6
30
8 0.5 0.05 1"
9 0.4 0.04 25
10 0.03
0.3 0.025
11 0.02
12 0.25 3/4"
0.015 20
0.2
0.01
Line 1/2"
Pressure 0.15 15
(bar)
3/8"

²p Q (m3n /s
kPa / m
= bar /100 m
Pipe Length Reference Inner Pipe Dia. ,
Line mm 42
33
Using the ring main example on page 29 size for the
following requirements:

Q = 20,000 l/min
P1 = 10 bar (_________kPa)
P = .5 bar (_________kPa)
L = 200 m pipe length

P = kPa/m
L
l/min x .00001667 = m³/s
43
 Aftercooler

Tank
Refrigerated 1
Air Dryer
Auto
Drain
a
2
Compressor Auto
Drain
3
a Micro Filter
a
4
b Sub-micro Filter
c Odor Removal Filter
a b
5
d Adsorbtion Air
Dryer
a b c
6
7
a d b

44
39
 Example
• P = 7 bar (700,000 N/m²)
• D = 63mm (.063m)
• d = 15mm (.015m)
• F =  x (D² -d²) x P
4
• F = 3.14 x (.063² - .015²) x 700,000
4
• F = 3.14 x (.003969 - .0.000225) x 700,000
4
• F = .785 x .003744 x 700,000
• F = 2057.328 N
45
54
 ø (mm)
2.5 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 30
1000 100000

500 50000
400 40000
300
F (N)

250 25000
200 20000
150 p : (bar) 10 7 5 15000
125 12500
100 10000

50 5000
40 4000
30
25 2500
20

F (N)
2000
15 1500
12.5 1250
10 1000

5 500
4 400

2.5 250
32 40 50 63 80 100 125 140 160 200 250 300
ø (mm) 46
 Example

– Calculate remaining force

• M = 100kg • 401.9 x 48.8 (.488) = 196N
• P = 5bar 100
•  = 32mm – assume a cylinder efficiency of 95%
•  = 0.2 • 196 x 95 = 185.7 N
100
– Newtons = kg • m/s² , therefor
• F = /4 x D²x P = 401.9 N
• 185.7 N = 185.7 kg • m/s²
– divide mass into remaining force
• From chart 6.16
• m/s² = 185.7 kg • m/s²
– 90KG = 43.9% Lo. 100kg
• To find Lo for 100kg
– 43.9 x 100= 48.8 % Lo.
90 • = 1.857 m/s²

47
M = _______kg

P = _______bar

 = _______mm

 = 0.2

F = /4 x D²x P = 401.9 N

48
Air Flow and Consumption
Air consumption of a cylinder is defined as:
piston area x stroke length x number of single strokes per minute x absolute pressure in bar.

Q = D² (m) x  x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000

4

49
 Working Pressure in bar
Piston dia. 3 4 5 6 7
20 0.124 0.155 0.186 0.217 0.248
25 0.194 0.243 0.291 0.340 0.388
32 0.319 0.398 0.477 0.557 0.636
40 0.498 0.622 0.746 0.870 0.993
50 0.777 0.971 1.165 1.359 1.553
63 1.235 1.542 1.850 2.158 2.465
80 1.993 2.487 2.983 3.479 3.975
100 3.111 3.886 4.661 5.436 6.211
Table 6.19 Theoretical Air Consumption of double acting cylinders from 20 to 100 mm dia,
in liters per 100 mm stroke

• Example. • From table 6.19... 80 at 6 bar = 3.479 (3.5)l/100mm stroke

• Qt = Q x stroke(mm) x # of extend + retract strokes

•  = 80
100
• stroke = 400mm
• Qt = 3.5 x 400 x 24
• s/min = 12 x 2 100
• P = 6bar. • Qt = 3.5 x 4 x 24

• Qt = 336 l/min.

50
 Peak Flow
• For sizing the valve of an individual cylinder we need to
calculate Peak flow. The peak flow depends on the
cylinders highest possible speed. The peak flow of all
simultaneously moving cylinders defines the flow to which
the FRL has to be sized.

• To compensate for adiabatic change, the theoretical

volume flow has to be multiplied by a factor of 1.4. This
represents a fair average confirmed in a high number of
practical tests.

Q = 1.4 x D² (m) x  x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000

4

51
 Working Pressure in bar
Piston dia. 3 4 5 6 7
20 0.174 0.217 0.260 0.304 0.347
25 0.272 0.340 0.408 0.476 0.543
32 0.446 0.557 0.668 0.779 0.890
40 0.697 0.870 1.044 1.218 1.391
50 1.088 1.360 1.631 1.903 2.174
63 1.729 2.159 2.590 3.021 3.451
80 2.790 3.482 4.176 4.870 5.565
100 4.355 5.440 6.525 7.611 8.696
Table 6.20 Air Consumption of double acting cylinders in liters
per 100 mm stroke corrected for losses by adiabatic change

• Example. • From table 6.20... 80 at 6 bar = 4.87 (4.9)l/100mm stroke

• Qt= Q x stroke(mm) x # of extend + retract strokes

•  = 80
100
• stroke = 400mm
• Qt = 4.9 x 400 x 24
• s/min = 12 x 2 100
• P = 6bar • Qt = 4.9 x 4 x 24

• Qt = 470.4 l/min.
52
 Formulae comparison

• Q = 1.4 x D² (m) x  x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000

4

• Q = 1.4 x .08² x .785 x ( 6 + 1.013) x .4 x 24 x 1000

• Q = 1.4 x .0064 x .785 x 7.013 x .4 x 24 x 1000

• Q = 473.54

53
Q = 1.4 x D² (m) x  x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000
4

 = _______mm

stroke = _______mm

s/min = _______ x 2

P =_______bar

54
 Inertia
• Example 1 • J= m (kg) x a² (m)
a
12
• J= 10 x .03²
12
• J= 10 x .0009
12
• m = 10kg
• J = .00075
• a = 30mm
• j = ___?

55
 Inertia
• Example 2 • J = ma x a² + mb x b²
a b
3 3
• J = 3 x .01² + 6 x .02²
3 3
• J = 3 x .0001 + 6 x .0004
3 3
• m = 9 kg
• J = .0001 + .0008
• a = 10mm
• b = 20mm
• J = .0009
• J = ___?

56
 m = ________ kg
a b

a = _________mm

b = _________mm

J = _________?

57
Valve identification
A(4) B(2)

EA P EB
(5) (1) (3)

58
 Valve Sizing
• The Cv factor of 1 is a flow capacity of
one US Gallon of water per minute, with
a pressure drop of 1 psi.
• The kv factor of 1 is a flow capacity of
one liter of water per minute with a
pressure drop of 1 bar.
• The equivalent Flow Section “S” of a
valve is the flow section in mm2 of an
orifice in a diaphragm, creating the
same relationship between pressure
59
and flow.
 Q = 400 x Cv x (P2 + 1.013) x P x 273
273 + 

Q = 27.94 x kv x (P2 + 1.013) x P x 273

273 + 

Q = 22.2 x S x (P2 + 1.013) x P x 273

273 + 
1 Cv = 1 kv = 1S=
The normal flow Qn for other various flow capacity units is: 981.5 68.85 54.44
The Relationship between these units is as follows: 1 14.3 18
0.07 1 1.26
0.055 0.794 1
60
Flow example

• Q = 22.2 x S x (P2 + 1.013) x P x 273

• S = 35 273 + 

• P1 = 6 bar
• Q = 22.2 x 35 x (5.5+ 1.013) x .5 x 273
• P2 =5.5 bar 273 + 25

•  = 25°C
• Q = 22.2 x 35 x 6.613 x .5 x 273
298

• Q = 22.2 x 35 x 6.613 x .5 x 273

298

• Q = 22.2 x 35 x 1.89 x .957

• Q = 1405.383
61
Cv = ________ between 1 -5

P1 = ________bar

P2 = ________5 bar

 = ________°C

62
 Flow capacity formulae transposed
• Cv = Q
400 x (P2 + 1.013) x P

• Kv = Q
27.94 x (P2 + 1.013) x P

• S = Q
22.2 x (P2 + 1.013) x P

63
 Flow capacity example

• Q = 750 l/min • S = Q
• P1 = 9 bar 22.2 x (P2 + 1.013) x P
• P = 10% • S = 750
• S = ? 22.2 x (8.1 + 1.013) x .9
• S = 750
22.2 x 9.113 x .9
• S = 750
22.2 x 2.86
• S = 750 S = 11.81
63.49

64
Q = _________ l/min

P1 = _________ bar

P = _________%

Cv = _________ ?

65
 Orifices in a series connection
• S total = 1
1 + 1 + 1
S1² S2² S3²

• Example S total = 1
1 + 1 + 1
• S1 = 12mm²
12² 18² 22²
• S2 = 18mm²
• S3 = 22mm² S total = 1
1 + 1 + 1
144 324 484

S total = 1 = 1
.00694 + .00309 + .00207 .0121

S total = 9.09
66
Cv = _________
Cv = _________
Cv = _________
Cv total = ________

67
 2
S mm
60
9
50

40
7.5

30

6
20

10 4

0 3
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
Tube Length in
m

68
 Tube Material Length Fittings Total
Dia. 1m 0.5 m Insert type One Touch 0.5 m tube +
(mm) straight elbow straight elbow 2 strt. fittings
4 x 2.5 N,U 1.86 3.87 1.6 1.6 1.48
5.6 4.2 3.18
6x4 N,U 6.12 7.78 6 6 3.72
13.1 11.4 5.96
8x5 U 10.65 13.41 11 (9.5) 11 6.73
18 14.9 9.23
8x6 N 16.64 20.28 17 (12) 16 10.00
26.1 21.6 13.65
10 x 6.5 U 20.19 24.50 35 (24) 30 12.70
29.5 25 15.88
10 x 7.5 N 28.64 33.38 30 (23) 26 19.97
41.5 35.2 22.17
12 x 8 U 33.18 39.16 35 (24) 30 20.92
46.1 39.7 25.05
12 x 9 N 43.79 51.00 45 (27) 35 29.45
58.3 50.2 32.06
Table 7.30 Equivalent Flow Section of current tube connections

69
 Average piston speed in mm/s
dia. mm 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 750 1000
8,10 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.75 1
12,16 0.12 0.23 0.36 0.46 0.6 0.72 1 1.2 1.8 2.4
20 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 3 4
25 0.35 0.67 1 1.3 1.7 2 2.7 3.4 5 6.7
32 0.55 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.7 4.4 5.5 8.5 11
40 0.85 1.7 2.6 3.4 4.3 5 6.8 8.5 12.8 17
50 1.4 2.7 4 5.4 6.8 8.1 10.8 13.5 20.3 27
63 2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6 16.8 21 31.5 42
80 3.4 6.8 10.2 13.6 17 20.4 27.2 34 51 68
100 5.4 10.8 16.2 21.6 27 32.4 43.2 54 81 108
125 8.4 16.8 25.2 33.6 42 50.4 67.2 84 126 168
140 10.6 21.1 31.7 42.2 52.8 62 84.4 106 158 211
160 13.8 27.6 41.4 55.2 69 82.8 110 138 207 276
Equivalent Flow Section in mm2

Table 7.31 Equivalent Section S in mm2 for the valve and the tubing, for
6 bar working pressure and a pressure drop of 1 bar (Qn Conditions)

70
Flow Amplification

71
Signal Inversion

72
Selection

red
green

73
Memory Function

red
green

74
Delayed switching on

75
Delayed switching off

76
Pulse on switching on

77
Pulse on releasing a valve

78
Direct Operation and Speed Control

79
Control from two points: OR Function

Shuttle Valve

80
Safety interlock: AND Function

81
Safety interlock: AND Function

1 2

82
Inverse Operation: NOT Function

83
 B A

Direct Control P
84
Holding the end positions B A

85
  
Cam valve

Semi Automatic return of a cylinder

86
  

Repeating Strokes

87
2 4

Sequence Control
3

1 2
88
 A+ A- B+ B-

b0 a1

start
ao
b1

Signals Start a1 b1 a0 b0

Commands A+ B+ A- B-
89
 ISO SYMBOLS for AIR TREATMENT EQUIPMENT

Air Cleaning and Drying

Air Cooler Air Dryer Air Heat

Auto Drain Refrigerated Heater Exchanger
Air Dryer

Water Filter Filter / Filter / Multi stage Lubricator

Separator Separator Separator Micro Filter
w. Auto Drain

Pressure Regulation

Basic Adjustable Pressure Regulator Differential Pressure

Symbol Setting Regulator with relief Pressure Gauge
Spring Regulator

Units

FRL Unit,
simplified 90
FRL Unit, detailed
 Single Acting Cylinder, Single Acting Cylinder,
Spring retract Spring extend

Double Acting Cylinder Double Acting Cylinder with

adjustable air cushioning

Double Acting Cylinder, Rotary Actuator,

with double end rod double Acting

91
Return Spring (in fact not an Mechanical (plunger):
operator, but a built-in element)
Roller Lever: one-way Roller Lever:

Manual operators: general: Lever:

Push Button: Push-Pull Button:

Detent for mechanical and manual operators (makes a monostable valve bistable):
Air Operation is shown by drawing the (dashed) signal pressure line to the side of
the square; the direction of the signal flow can be indicated by a triangle:
Air Operation for piloted operation is shown by a rectangle with a triangle. This
symbol is usually combined with another operator.
Direct solenoid operation solenoid piloted operation

92
 Input Input
Manual Closed connected to Return Manual Closed connected to Return
Operation Input Output Spring Operation Input Output Spring

OR

Manually Operated,
Normally Open 3/2 valve
(normally passing)
with Spring
Return
Exhaust Air Supply

Input Input closed, Input Input closed,

Mechanical connected to Output Return connected to Output Return
Operation Mechanical
Output exhausted Spring Operation Output exhausted Spring

OR

Mechanically
normally closed 3/2
Operated,
(non-passing)
Valve with Spring Return

Air Supply Exhaust

93
 Manually operated Valves
detent, must correspond with valve position

no pressure pressure no pressure pressure

3/2, normally closed 3/2, normally open 3/2, normally closed/normally open
monostable valves never operated bistable valves: both positions possible

Electrically and pneumatically operated Valves

Air operated valves may be operated in rest

no pressure pressure

Solenoids are never operated in rest

Mechanically operated Valves

No valve with index "1" is operated.
no pressure pressure

a…n1 a…n1

All valves with index "0" are operated.

pressure no pressure

94
a…n a…n
0 0
First stroke of the cycle Last stroke of the cycle
A B C

A+ A- B+ B- C

POWER Level

LOGIC Level
Memories,
AND's, OR's,
Timings etc.

Start

SIGNAL INPUT Level Codes: a 0 , a1 , b0 , b , c0

1
and c1 .

95