VALVES

HANDLING AND
CONTROLLING FLOW OF
LIQUIDS IN A CONTROLLED
MANNER
 Course objective
 Purpose
 Basic elements of valve( function and constructional details)
 Types of valves
 Gate valve
 Globe valve
 Check valve
 Butterfly valve
 Ball valve
 Needle valve
 Diaphragm valve
 Bellow seal valve
 Control valves
 Relief and safety valves
 Valve maintenance
 Valve testing
 Valve materials
 Valve-less systems
 SELECTION FACTORS
 Fluid Properties
 specific gravity, viscosity, corrosiveness, and abrasiveness
 compatibility between fluid and valve

 Fluid Friction Losses

 limited available pressure drop

 Operating Conditions
 Maximum and minimum pressures and temperatures

 Materials of Construction
 design temperature and pressure, along with the fluid characteristics, will determine the allowable
materials of construction.

 Valve Size
 all types of valves are not available in a complete range of sizes
 FUNCTIONS OF VALVES
 START/STOP THE FLOW WITH MINIMUM RESISTANCE TO FLOW
AND PRESSURE LOSS WHEN VALVE IS OPEN (GATE, PLUG,
BUTTERFLY, BALL)

 REGULATION OF FLOW/THROTTLING BETWEEN FULLOPEN AND

FULL CLOSE LIMITS (GLOBE, BUTTERFLY, ANGLE, NEEDLE)

 BACK FLOW PREVENTION WHICH REMAIN OPEN IN THE

DIRECTION OF FLOW ONLY (CHECK VALVES)

 PRESSURE REGULATION-REDUCING LINE PRESSURE AND

ATTAINING THE REQUIRED SERVICE PRESSURE (PRV’s &
REGULATORS)

 PRESSURE RELIEF- RELIEVING EXCESSIVE PRESSURE OF SYSTEM

WHICH ARE USUALLY SPRING LOADED. IN SOME CASES RUPTURE
DISCS ARE USED TO SERVE THIS PURPOSE.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VALVES
VALVES

PREVENTION PRESSURE OTHER

ON/OFF THROTTLING
OF CONTROL CONTROLS
SERVICE SERVICE
BACK FLOW

CHECK SAFETY & RELIEF

GATE GLOBE SOLENOID
FOOT BACK PR. REGULATING
SLIDE ANGLE & Y TEMP.REGULATING
PRESSURE RELIEF
PLUG NEEDLE FLOW REGULATING
PISTON
BALL BUTTERFLY
DIAPHRAGM
PINCH
COMPONENTS OF VALVE

VALVE

YOKE, BONNET
BODY DISC/WEDGE SEAT STEM
AND COVER
 BODY
 DESIGNED FOR MINIMUM PRESSURE LOSS &
FLOW RESISTANCE.

 EITHER CAST OR FORGED.

 CARBON STEEL MATERIAL UPTO 450º C

 LOW ALLOY WITH MOLYBDENUM & CHROMIUM

UPTO 550º C

 OTHER MATERIALS ARE BRONZE, CI & SS.

GATE VALVES
 GATE VALVES

 FOR OPENING/CLOSING FULLY

 OFFERS VERY LITTLE RESISTANCE TO FLOW

 PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE VALVE ENDS ARE

SMALL

 NOT USED FOR REGULATION

 Thrust collar
Gland follower nut
hand wheel
gland follower
gland
Gland follower bolt
Gland packing
Gland follower bolt pin
Lantern ring
Back seating bush

Bonnet gasket Bonnet bolt

Bonnet nut
Valve stem

Valve disk bonnet

Valve seat ring body

 TYPES OF GATE VALVES

GATE VALVES

KNIFE GATE VALVES

WEDGE DISC TYPES PARALLEL SLIDE GATE VALVES

 WEDGE DISC TYPES

 TAPERED SOLID/FLEXIBLE WEDGE WHICH WEDGE

AGAINST THE SEAT

 SOLID WEDGE PREFFERED FOR HIGH FLOWS/TURBULENT

FLOWS

 FLEXIBLE WEDGE PROVIDES GOOD SEALING AGAINST

POSSIBLE DISTORTION FROM UNDUE STRAINS &
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS.

 PASSING IN VALVES DUE TO FOREIGN

PARTICLES/MISMATCH OF WEDGE WITH SEAT

 STUCKING OF DISK AND FRICTIONAL WEARS OBSERVED.

SOLID WEDGE
PREFERRED BECAUSE
OF ITS SIMPLICITY AND
STRENGTH

USED FOR TURBULANT

FLOW APPLICATIONS

GENERALLY NOT
PREFERRED FOR HIGH
TEMPERATURE
APPLICATIONS
FLEXIBLE WEDGE
 Flexible wedges (discs) are of one piece construction
 The disc instead of being made completely solid with
both seating surfaces rigid, is flexible.
 Thermal expansion and contraction entail no
problems, as the flexible wedge is able to compensate
for this and remain easy to open.
 prevent binding of the gate
within the valve when the valve is in the close
d position.

 The major problem associated with flexible gates is

that water tends to collect in the body neck.
SPLIT WEDGE
 Split wedges, are of the ball and socket
design which are adjusting and self aligning
to both seating surfaces.
 The disc is free to adjust itself to the seating
surface if one-half of the disc is slightly out
of alignment because of foreign matter
lodged between the disc half and the seat
ring.
 This type of wedge(disc) is suitable for
handling non condensing gases and liquids
at normal temperatures, particularly
corrosive liquids.
 Freedom of movement of the discs in the
carrier prevents binding even though the
valve may have been closed when hot and
later contracted due to cooling.
 This type of valve should be installed with
the stem in the vertical position.
Double DISC
 Self alignment.

 Positive sealing

 Self cleaning of the debris

 No valve sticking problem

 Installed in horizontal
position only.
Parallel Slide Disc Mechanism
This mechanism consists of two independent discs
held by a disc carrier.

An alloy steel spring between the discs provides the

initial loading to keep the discs pressed against the
body seats.

The disc faces are parallel to each other and seal on

parallel seat rings in the body.

Sealing takes place by utilizing the line pressure to

provide tight seal on the downstream seat.

As the two discs are independent and parallel,

opening / closing torques are significantly lower than
comparable wedge disc designs, thereby minimizing
the possibility of jamming at high temperatures or
pressures.

When the valve is operated, the discs are allowed to

slide and rotate over the body seats. This helps wipe
out foreign particles from the seat faces.
 PARALLEL SLIDE GATE VALVES

 GATE CONSISTING OF 2 DISCS WHICH ARE

INDEPENDENT & FREE TO ALIGN THEMSELVES
ON THE SEATS. A SPRING SEPERATES THE DISCS
WHICH ALSO ENHANCE THE SEALING ACTION
OF DISCS AGAINST THE SEAT.
 SEALED BY LINE PRESSURE.
 SLIDES IN SEAT WITH LESS SPRING PRESSURE
 LESS CHANCES OF DEBRIS ACCUMULATION AT
SEAT-WEDGE INTERFACES
 POSITION SEATED VALVES WHICH PREVENTS
THE PROBLEM OF VALVE STUCKING.
Parallel Slide Disc valve
 KNIFE GATE VALVES
 A PRECISION-BUFFED KNIFE PLATE CUTS
EVEN THE HEAVIEST SLUDJES SHARPLY
WITHOUT EROSION.
 ONE PIECE TRIM PROVIDES CORROSION
RESISTANT, HIGH PERFORMANCE SHUT-OFF
OVER A LONG SERVICE LIFE.
 HAS A LEAK TIGHT MULTI-LAYER PACKING OF
TEFLON IMPREGNATED ASBESTOS MATERIAL
MOULDED WITH SILICON RUBBER.
 2 BOSSES ARE WELDED TO VALVE SEAT WHICH
PRESS THE KNIFE PLATE AGAINST SIDE OF
SEAT RING FOR TIGHT SHUT-OFF.
 BALL VALVES
 QUICK OPERATING

 FULLY OPENED/CLOSED BY QUARTER TURNS OF VALVE

SPINDLE

 FLOW IS SMOOTH, STRAIGHT & UNINTERUPTED

 SPHERICAL PLUG RESTING ON A MATCHING SEAT

 HOLE IN PLUG IS CIRCULAR

 NOT FOR REGULATIONS

 USED IN FUEL OIL LINES, LUBE OIL & AIR LINES

 PLUG VALVES
 QUICK OPERATING (ON/OFF SERVICE ONLY)

 FULLY OPENED/CLOSED BY QUARTER TURNS OF VALVE

SPINDLE

 FLOW IS SMOOTH, STRAIGHT & UNINTERUPTED

 CONICAL/CYLINDRICAL PLUG RESTING ON A MATCHING

SEAT

 HOLE IN PLUG IS RECTANGULAR

 NOT FOR REGULATIONS

 USED IN FUEL OIL LINES, LUBE OIL & AIR LINES.

 TYPES OF PLUG VALVES
 LUBRICATED: THE LUBRICANT IS
INJECTED INTO VALVE UNDER PRESSURE
TO PREVENT LEAKAGE BETWEEN PLUG
FACE & BODY SEAT & TO REDUCE
FRICTION & WEAR BETWEEN THESE
SURFACES DURING PLUG TURNING.
 NON LUBRICATED: MAY BE EITHER OF
LIFT TYPE OR HAVE AN ELASTOMERIC
SLEEVE OR PLUG COATING THAT
ELIMINATES THE NEED OF LUBRICANT.
 BUTTERFLY VALVES
 COMMONLY USED VALVES FOR RELATIVELY LOW
PRESSURE LINES
 HANDLES LARGE VOLUMES WITH LEAST
DISTURBANCES
 SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION, LESS WEIGHT, AND
ECONOMICAL
 QUICK OPERATION WITH LESS PRESSURE DROPS
 CONSISTS OF FLAPPER DISC HOUSED IN A
CYLINDRICAL BODY
 A RESILIENT LINING PROVIDED IN BODY/DISC
FOR SEALING
 SYMMETRIC BUTTERFLY
VALVES
 SEALING CONTACT LINE AND SPINDLE AXIS ARE
IN THE SAME LINE
 HANDLES LARGE VOLUMES WITH LEAST
DISTURBANCES
 SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION, LESS WEIGHT, AND
ECONOMICAL
 QUICK OPERATION WITH LESS PRESSURE DROPS
 CONSISTS OF FLAPPER DISC HOUSED IN A
CYLINDRICAL BODY
 A RESILIENT LINING PROVIDED IN BODY/DISC
FOR SEALING
 ECCENTRIC BUTTERFLY
VALVES
 SEALING CONTACT LINE IS AWAY FROM SPINDLE
AXIS

 BETTER ISOLATION AS RUBBER LINER DOESNOT

HAVE ANY PENETRATION FOR SPINDLE

 THROTTLE CONTROLLED & THEREFORE USED

FOR REGULATION ALSO

 COMPACT, LOW WEIGHT AND LESS COSTLY.

 OCCUPIES MUCH LESS SPACE COMPARED TO

OTHER VALVES OF SAME SIZE.
DIAPHRAGM VALVES
 DIAPHRAGM VALVES
 ABSOLUTE ISOLATION OF FLUID
 PREVENTS CORROSSION OF OPERATING PARTS
 SMOOTH STEAMLINED FLUID PASSAGE.
 RESILIENT FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM IS USED USUALLY
RUBBER.
 CAN HANDLE ACIDS & OTHER CHEMICALS
 TOTALLY LEAK FREE OTHER THAN DIAPHRAGM FAILURE.
 REPLACEMENT OF DIAPHRAMS ARE EASY.
 NO CONTAMINATION OF MOVING PARTS
 GLAND PACKING ARRANGEMENTS ARE TOTALLY ABSCENT.
 ALSO KNOWN AS PACKLESS VALVES
 VALVES MADE OF SS/PVC/METALS LINED WITH
GLASS/RUBBER/PLASTIC/LEAD DEPENDING ON THE
USAGE OR FLUID CONDITIONS.
DIAPHRAGM VALVES—straight
type
GLOBE VALVES
 GLOBE VALVES
 EMPLOYED FOR CONTROLLING FLOW
 CAN BE OPERATED MANUALLY OR AS
PNEUMATICALLY OPERATED CONTROL
VALVES
 USED MAINLY IN PIPE LINES UPTO 3
INCHES.
 PLUG RESTING ON A SEAT.
 SUITABLE FOR SERVICES REQUIRING
FREQUENT MAINTENANCE.
 GLOBE VALVES
COMPOSITE CONVENTIONAL
PLUG TYPE
DISC DISC

GLOBE VALVES

BELLOW
Y-TYPE ANGLE VALVE SEAL
VALVE
Globe valve (plug type)
 COMPOSITION DISCS
 FLAT FACE FOR DISC WITH/WITHOUT SOFT
METAL RING THAT IS PRESSED AGAINST THE
SEAT LIKE A CAP.

 TIGHT SHUTOFF

 BY CHANGING THE TYPE OF DISC THE

CONFIGURATION OF VALVE CAN BE ALTERED

 USED FOR LOW PRESSURE & LOW TEMPERATURE

FLUIDS.
 Composition Disc
 The composition-type disc, has a flat face that
is pressed against a flat, annular, metal seating
surface.

 It consists of a metal disc holder, a

composition disc of some suitable
nonmetallic material, and a retaining nut.

 This type of disc is not recommended for

throttling service but it does provide positive
shut-off for gases and air.

 It also protects the valve seat from damage by

dirt and scale, and the disc is quite easily and
economically replaced.
 CONVENTIONAL DISC
 THIN CONTACT AREA BETWEEN TAPER OF SEAT
& DISC FACE

 THE NARROW CONTACT AREA BREAKS DOWN

HARD DEPOSITS OF DEBRIS ON THEIR SURFACES

 PRESSURE TIGHT CLOSURE

 MOSTLY USED FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

 Y-TYPE
 HERE THE SEAT IS AT 45˚ ANGLE
WITH FLOW PATH.

 GOOD THROTTLING AND A MUCH

LOWER PRESSURE DROP.
 ANGLE VALVE
 I/L & O/L ENDS ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO
EACH OTHER AND AXIS IS IN LINE WITH
ONE OF THE ENDS.
 LEAST PRESSURE DROP
 LESS NUMBER OF ASSOCIATED FITTINGS.
 USED IN BOILER DRUMS & OTHER
PRESSURE VESSELS FOR BLOW DOWN
PURPOSE.
 COMES IN SINGLE PIECE & ALSO IN SPLIT
BODY DESIGNS.
 BELLOW SEAL VALVE
 SMALL SIZE GLOBE VALVES
 SS BELLOWS ATTACHED TO MOVABLE STEM AT ONE
END AND THE OTHER END TO THE BONNET
 LIMITS STEAM LEAKS TO ZERO.
 USE OF A SECONDARY SEAL IS A MUST AS THE LIFE OF
A BELLOW CANNOT BE PREDICTED.
 SCREWED BONNETS AND LATER SEAL WELDED.
 LEAKAGE FROM BELLOW CAN BE KNOWN FROM THE
LEAKAGE COLLECTION POINT IN THE VALVE.
 DAMGED VALVES CAN ONLY BE REPLACED &
MAINTENANCE IS NOT POSSIBLE.
 LIP SEAL WELDING DONE QUITE OFTEN FOR
STOPPING LEAKAGES.
 VALVE HANDLE

VALVE STEM

GLAND FOLLOWER
GLAND PACKING

STAINLESS STEEL BELLOW

VALVE BODY

VALVE PLUG

VALVE SEAT
‘Y’
TYPE
BELLOW
SEALED VALVE

LEAKAGE
COLLECTION
PLUG
 NEEDLE VALVES
 For closed regulation of flow is required.
 Tapered needle like plug that fits accurately
into the seat.
 Fine threaded stem.
 ordinarily run in sizes of 1/8 to 1 inch.
 Material-brass, bronze, SS, & alloys.
 Used up to 300º C & 70 bar.
 PINCH VALVES
 USED FOR ON/OFF OR THROTTLING SERVICE.
 INITIAL COST IS RELATIVELY LOW.
 ONLY SLEEVE REQUIRES REPLACEMENT.
 SLEEVES MADE OF NATURAL/SYNTHETIC
RUBBER/PLASTIC HAVE HIGH ABRASIVE
RESISTANCE .
 PRESSURE DROP ACROSS VALVES ARE VERY LOW.
 EXCELLENT FOR SLURRY LIQUIDS.
 USED FOR HIGH VACUUM SERVICE.
 CHECK VALVES

 TO PREVENT REVERSE FLOW

 KEPT OPEN BY THE PRESSURE OF
FLOWING FLUID
 VALVE CLOSED BY GRAVITY/BACK
PRESSURE/SPRING FORCE MADE OF CI,
DUCTILE IRON/STEEL/ CORROSION
RESISTANT ALLOWYS.
 SIZES RANGE FROM 10 TO 270 mm.
 CHECK VALVES

CHECK VALVES
FOOT VALVES

SWING TYPE LIFT TYPE PISTON TYPE

TI.LTING DISC TYPE

 SWING TYPE CHECK VALVES

 CONSISTS OF A DISK HINGED AT THE TOP.

 BEST SUITED FOR LOW VELOCITY
SERVICE.
 USED WHERE POSITIVE SHUT OFF AT LOW
PRESSURES IS REQUIRED.
 DESIGNED AGAINIST WATER HAMMERS/
SHOCK PRESSURES IF EQUIPED WITH AN
OUTSIDE LEVER & WEIGHTS FOR FASTER
CLOSING.
Lift check valve
 TILTING DISC TYPE
 KEEPS LOW FLUID RESISTANCE.
 STRAIGHT THROUGH DESIGN.
 QUICK CLOSING WITHOUT SLAMMING.
 PROVIDES LESS PRESSURE DROP AT LOW
VELOCITIES AND MORE PRESSURE DROP
AT HIGH VELOCITIES COMPARED TO
SWING CHECK VALVES OF SAME SIZE.
 IN OPERATION, THE DISK FLOATS AT FULL
FLOW & STARTS TO CLOSE BY TILTING AT
AN INCREASING ANGLE TO THE FLOW
PATH AS THE FLOW RATE DECREASES.
 LIFT CHECK VALVES
 DISK/BALL RAISED WITHIN GUIDES
FROM SEAT BY THE PRESSURE OF
THE UPWARD FLUID FLOW.
 AS FLOW STOPS / REVERSES, THE
CHECK DEVICE IS FORCED BACK
ONTO THE SEAT BY BACK FLOW AND
GRAVITY.
Difference between lift and swing
type
 PISTON TYPE CHECK VALVES
 DISK CHECK VALVE WITH A DASH
POT CONSISTING OF A PISTON &
CYLINDER THAT PROVIDEAS A
CUSHIONING EFFECT DURING
OPERTATION.
 THEY ARE GENERALLY INSTALLED
IN LINES WITH GLOBE VALVES.
 USED WHERE FREQUENT CHANGES
IN FLOWS ARE ENCOUNTERED.
 FOOT VALVES

 SPECIAL TYPE CHECK VALVES USED

AT THE BOTTOM OF A SUCTION LINE
TO MAINTAIN THE PUMP’S PRIME.
 THE VALVES ARE OFTEN FITTED
WITH STRAINERS TO KEEP DIRT &
OTHER FOREIGN MATTER FROM
ENTERING THE PUMP SUCTION.
 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES
 USED TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE OVER PRESSURE
IN PROCESS PIPING THEREBY PROTECTING
THE PIPES & EQUIPMENTS FROM FAILURE.
 THEY ARE OF 3 TYPES:
1. RELIEF VALVE
2. SAFETY RELIEF VALVE
3. POP TYPE OF SAFETY VALVE
‘1’ IS USED TO RELIEVE EXCESS PRESSURE IN
LIQUID SYSTEM WHILE ‘3’ IS USED IN STEAM,
AIR & GAS SYSTEMS. ‘2’ IS USED FOR
LIQUIDS/GASES.
 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES
 Used to prevent excessive over pressure in
process piping & piping systems thereby
protecting the system piping &
equipments from failure.
 They are basically of three types:
1. Relief valve
2. Safety relief valve
3. Pop type or safety valve
 RELIEF VALVES
 Used to relieve excess pressure in liquid service.
 Used for in-compressible fluids.
 Usually spring loaded type.
 Valve opening pressure is adjusted by varying the
spring load.
 Valve actuated by static load under the disk.
 Valve opens when line pressure exceeds the pre-
set spring pressure and thereby excess fluid goes
out of system.
 SAFETY RELIEF VALVES
 Has a disc which is held against seat by heavy spring
force and a CHAMBER.
 The chamber is so constructed that when valve slightly
opens, a static pressure is build up in the chamber
which further enhances immediate opening of valve.
 The valve later closes only when the system pressure
drops a few units below the opening pressure.
 This closing pressure is almost 2-4% of opening
pressure and is known as BLOW DOWN.
 The amount of blow down can be varied by adjusting
the adjusting ring on seat nozzle.
 SPRING LOADED SAFETY VALVE
 To give a +ive lift while reaching set pressure.
 This is achieved by design of valve disc known as
thermo disc.
 As the valve starts to open the area of disc exposed to
stem greatly increases, causing the valve to lift
thereby enhancing lifting of valve disc upwards inside
valve guide.
 This lifts the valve to full-open condition.
 As the steam pressure falls reaction force decreases &
valve moves downward under the influence of spring.
 When valve facing emerges from guide, the reaction
totally disappears & valve is closed smoothly.
 VALVE SPECIFICATION
 Following details to be given to specify a valve:
 Type of valve
 Valve Size
 Valve Rating
 Trim Materials
 End Connection
 Bonnet Joint
 Type of gland packing
 Special provision like: Back seat / Live Loading
 Rising Stem / Non-Rising Stem
 ELECTRICAL
VALVE ACTUATORS

ROTARY LINEAR
ACTUATORS ACTUATORS
For Gate & Globe valves For small size
Torque: 2 Kgm to 100 Kgm. Gate & Globe valves
 ROTARY ACTUATORS
 CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING
MAJOR PARTS:
1. MOTOR:
2. DRIVE
3. LIMIT SWITCHES
4. REMOTE POSITION INDICATOR
5. SETTING FOR CLOSING
 LINEAR ACTUATORS
 THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LINEAR
ACTUATORS ARE:

1. PNEUMATICALLY OPERATED
DIAPHRAGM ACTUATORS
2. PISTON ACTUATORS
3. MANUAL ACTUATORS
Plug configurations
 VALVE MATERIALS
Br Bronze A.I. All Iron
C.I. Cast Iron M.I. Malleable Iron
N.I. Nickel Iron D.I. Ductile Iron

C.S. Cast Steel/Carbon Steel F.S. Forged Steel

S.S. Stainless Steel PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

N Nickel M Monel Metal
Mo Molybdenum Al Aluminium
Cr Chromium Tef Teflon

13% Cr Type 410 Stainless Steel HF Hard Face (Stellite Face)

OPERATING MECHANISMS
O.S. & Y Outside Screw & Yoke N.R.S. Non Rising Stem
R.S. Rising Stem . .
END CONNECTIONS
F.E. Flanged Ends S.E. Screwed Ends

F.F.D. Flanged, Faced & Drilled B.W. Butt Welding Ends

S.W. Socket Welding Ends Scr. Screwed Ends

Flg. Flanged Ends S.J. Solder Ends