Review

STRESS & STRAIN

 Term for Stress & Strain

*) Important distinction between two quantities

Deformation

Dilation: a change in volume

Distortion: a change in form
Translation: a change in place
Rotation: a change in orientation
VECTOR & COORDINATE SYSTEM
 BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCES & VECTORS
• Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter
• Newton II law of motion : F=Ma
• Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes

(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction

(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces

Two Types of Force

• Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force)
• Contact /surface Forces (i.e. loading)

Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990)

 STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:

σ = F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),
Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)
 STRESS
• Stress at a point in 2D

Stress (s)
• Types of stress

Normal stress (sN)

(+) Compressive (-) Tensile

Shear stress (sS)

(+) (-)
 The State of
3-Dimensional
Stress at Point
A. Stress elipsoid

x1
z
x3
Principal Stress:
s1 > s > s
s s
Principal
coordinate planes
z

s

y
x2
y
x
B. Principal stress components x
z
Arbitrary
coordinate planes
szz z

szx
szy
syx
y
sxy syy
sxz syz
sxx

y
x
x
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
C. General stress components
STRESS ON A PLANE AND AT A POINT

Stress Tensor Notation

s11 s12 s13

s = s21 s22 s23
s31 s32 s33
 FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Principal Stress:
s1 > s > s
• All stress axes are mutually
perpendicular
• Shear stress are zero in the
direction of principal stress

Stress Tensor Notation

s11 s12 s13

s = s21 s22 s23
s31 s32 s33

s12 = s21, s13 = s31, s23 = s32

Stress Ellipsoid
ELIPSOID TEGASAN σ1 σ1

σ1 > σ2 = σ3 σ3 σ3
σ2 σ2

σ3
σ1 = σ2 > σ3 σ1 σ1
σ2 σ2

σ1 σ1

σ1 > σ2 > σ3 σ3 σ3
σ2 σ2
 SPECIAL
STATE OF STRESS
 Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress

A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

ss
x x
 = +45º Planes of maximum ss max
' = +45º
+
shear stress -
Counter clockwise
n n
s s

ss s x s x s º s sn
ss
' º

Counterclockwise Clockwise ss max

shear stress shear stress Clockwise

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

Compressive Fractures

The Coulomb Law of Failure

sc = so + tan  (sn)

sc = critical shear stress

so = cohesive strength
tan  = coefficient
of internal friction
sn = normal stress

(Modified from Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

 x
ss
n


s
s(p)
n , ss 
(p)
ss(p)

s s sin r
sn(p)
 
2  s(p) s
s x s sn sn
ss 
(p) n 

Plane P
s s  s s 
2 2

s s  
cos 
2

s1 + s3 - s1 – s3
sN = cos 2
2 2
Stress Equation:
s1 – s3
ss = Sin 2
2
Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition

ss
Von Mises ductle
Brittle-ductile failure criterion
transition

Yield stress
Coulumb
fracture
criterion

Parabolic E
fracture D
envelope C

B
T0
s1 sn
n f f
A
s3

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

 STRESS
• Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials
affected (i.e. gravitational force).
• Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the
distortion they produce.
• Stress is defined as force per unit area.
• Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component
depending they direction relative to the plane.
• Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and
homogenous
• Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.
• Principal stress s1>s2>s3
• The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has
nothing directly to do with distortions.
• Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock
 STRAIN

UNDEFORMED DEFORMED

Strain is defined as the change (in size and shape) of a body

resulting from the action of an applied stress field
 TYPES OF STRAIN

H H

A. Homogeneous strain

B. Inhomogeneous strain
 Fundamental Strain Equations
Undeformed State Deformed State
R = en

l o = 5 cm Strain r = Sn
R=1
L
 
L' = 3 cm

l f = 8 cm

L
L' = 4.8 cm A. Extension and stretch

Undeformed State Deformed State


T
Extension (e) = (lf – lo)/lo R
t estan

Strain r
 
Lengthening e>0 and shortening e<0

Stretch (S) = lf/lo = 1 + e

B. Shear strain


 = tan 

Shear Strain ()

 Strain Ellipsoid

S1
S1 = Maximum Finite Stretch
S3 = Minimum Finite Stretch

S2
S3
S3

S1
S3

S2

S1
(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)
ELIPSOID TERAKAN τ1 τ1

τ1 > τ2 = τ3 τ3 τ3
τ2 τ2

τ1 τ1

τ1 = τ2 > τ3 τ3 τ3
τ2 τ2

τ1 τ1

τ1 > τ2 > τ3 τ3 τ3
τ2 τ2
Strain Measurement from Outcrop
 D

D = gap
STRESS VS. STRAIN DIAGRAM
BRITTLE VS. DUCTILE

Strain-Stress Diagram
 400
Yield Strength
After Strain
Stress – Strain Diagram
Hardening Ultimate
D Strength
C B E
300 A
Differential Stress (in MPa)

Yield
Strength A. Onset plastic deformation
Rep ture
B. Removal axial load
Strength
C. Permanently strained
D. Plastic deformation
200 E. Rupture

100

1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain (in %)
BRITTLE & DUCTILE
STRESS vs. STRAIN
Stress Ellipsoid
Strain Ellipsoid
Relationship Between Stress and Strain

• Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock

Deformation
• Rheology of The Rocks
• Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus
• Measuring Shortening
• Measuring Strain Rate
• Strength and Ductility
 Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram A. Mohr Diagram

x
ss
n


s
s(p)
n , ss 
(p)
ss(p)

s s sin r
sn(p)
 
2  s(p) s
s x s sn sn
ss 
(p) n 

Plane P
s s  s s 
2 2

s s  
(Twiss and Moores, 1992) cos 
2