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MEKANIKA FLUIDA
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND
MODELING
MARFIZAL,ST,MT
PROGRAM STUDI
TEKNIK MESIN
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Nondimensionalization of Equations
Nondimensional equation: If we divide each term in the equation
by a collection of variables and constants whose product has those
same dimensions, the equation is rendered nondimensional.
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In a general unsteady fluid flow problem with a free surface, the scaling
parameters include a characteristic length L, a characteristic velocity V, a
characteristic frequency f, and a reference pressure difference P0 P.
Nondimensionalization of the differential equations of fluid flow produces
four dimensionless parameters: the Reynolds number, Froude number, 7
Strouhal number, and Euler number.
In Fluid Mechanics,
•the Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that gives a
measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
•The Froude number (Fr) is a dimensionless number defined as the
ratio of a body's inertia to gravitational forces. In fluid mechanics, the
Froude number is used to determine the resistance of a partially
submerged object moving through water, and permits the comparison
of objects of different sizes.
•The Strouhal number (St) is a dimensionless number describing
oscillating flow mechanisms.
•The Euler number (Eu) is a dimensionless number used in fluid flow
calculations. It expresses the relationship between a local pressure
drop over a restriction and the kinetic energy per volume, and is used
to characterize losses in the flow, where a perfect frictionless flow
corresponds to an Euler number of 1.
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND
SIMILARITY
In most experiments, to save time and money, tests are
performed on a geometrically scaled model, not on the
full-scale prototype.
In such cases, care must be taken to properly scale the
results. Thus, powerful technique called dimensional
analysis is needed.
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND
SIMILARITY
The principle of similarity
Three necessary conditions for complete similarity between a model and a
prototype.
(1) Geometric similarity—the model must be the same shape as the
prototype, but may be scaled by some constant scale factor.
(2) Kinematic similarity—the velocity at any point in the model flow must be
proportional (by a constant scale factor) to the velocity at the corresponding
point in the prototype flow.
(3) dynamic similarity—When all forces in the model flow scale by a constant
factor to corresponding forces in the prototype flow (force-scale
equivalence).
To achieve similarity
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To ensure complete similarity, the model and prototype must be
geometrically similar, and all independent groups must match between
model and prototype.
Kinematic similarity is
achieved when, at all
locations, the speed in the
model flow is proportional to
that at corresponding
locations in the prototype
flow, and points in the same
direction.
A concise summary of
the six steps that
comprise the method of
repeating variables.
THE METHOD OF REPEATING
VARIABLES
Step 1
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Step 2
n=5
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A concise summary of
the six steps that
comprise the method of
repeating variables.
The primary dimensions are [M], [L] and [t].
The number of primary dimensions in the problem are (L and t).
Step 3
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Then the number of ’s predicted by the Buckingham Pi theorem
is
A concise summary of
the six steps that
comprise the method of
repeating variables.
Need to choose two repeating parameters since j=2.
Therefore
Step 4
Caution
1. Never choose dependent variable
2. Do not choose variables that can form dimensionless group
3. If there are three primary dimension available , must choose repeating
variables which include all three primary dimensions.
4. Don’t pick dimensionless variables. For example, radian or degree.
5. Never pick two variables with same dimensions or dimensions that differ
by only an exponent. For example, w0 and g.
6. Pick common variables such as length, velocity, mass or density. Don’t
pick less common like viscosity or surface tension.
7. Always pick simple variables instead of complex variables such as
energy or pressure. 24
A concise summary of
the six steps that
comprise the method of
repeating variables.
Step 5: Construct the k ’s , and manipulate as necessary
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Need modification for commonly used nondimensional parameters.
Step 6
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The pressure inside a
soap bubble is greater
than that surrounding
the soap bubble due to
surface tension in the
soap film.
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If the method of
repeating
variables indicates
zero ’s, we have
either made an
error, or we need
to reduce j by one
and start over.
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Although the Darcy friction
factor for pipe flows is most
common, you should be
aware of an alternative, less
common friction factor called
the Fanning friction factor.
The relationship between the
two is f = 4Cf . 37
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DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER
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RAYLEIGH METHOD
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The method involves the following
steps:
•Gather all the independent variables that are likely to influence the
dependent variable.
•If X is a variable that depends upon independent variables
X1, X2, X3, ..., Xn, then the functional equation can be written as X
= F(X1, X2, X3, ..., Xn).
•Write the above equation in the form where C is a dimensionless
constant and a, b, c, ..., m are arbitrary exponents.
•Express each of the quantities in the equation in some fundamental
units in which the solution is required.
•By using dimensional homogeneity, obtain a set of simultaneous
equations involving the exponents a, b, c, ..., m.
•Solve these equations to obtain the value of exponents a, b, c, ..., m.
•Substitute the values of exponents in the main equation, and form the
non-dimensional parameters by grouping the variables with like
exponents. 41