An Action due to Thermal Inequilibrium

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Every member of earth wants it for A Refresh ....

A Natural Happening …..
A Wake-up Call to Earth
 A Means of Generating Primary Wealth on Earth

• Development and ripening of vegetable substances demand

the light and the heat of the Sun.
• The source of energy to the Organic Sphere.
• The energy of winds and water originate from the heat of
the Sun.
• The winds arise from air currents due to the heating of the
air by the Sun on Earth's surface.
• In order to fall, water must first be raised - by evaporation,
which due to the heat of the Sun persists at the surface of
the seas and Earth.
• Hence the heat of the Sun maintains all meteorological,
climatic, geological and organic processes of Earth.
 The Sun enlightens Every Life
• Kowsalya supraja Rama poorva sandhya pravarthathe
Uthishta narasardoola karthavyam daivamahnikam
 A Natural Engineering Process for the
Existence, Growth and Performance.

A True Design Reason behind Existence of Natural Systems…..

A Strong Design Modification for the Performance of Artificial
Systems….
The Engineering Process Responsible for Evolution
 The Geometry of Natural Products
• An orange is about double the diameter of a lemon, but
could in principle hold eight times more juice in volume.
• Same goes for Elephants.
• Elephants are warm blooded tetrapods.
• Warm blooded animals desire to remain at an isothermal
body temperature of 35 to 42 °C (varies between animals).
• The body temperature is maintained at the desired value
with a built-in thermo-regulatory mechanism.
• This mechanism either releases the excess heat produced in
the metabolism or
• triggers the body to generate higher metabolic rate at
times, when the body temperature falls below the desired
value.
Why I Am Different ?

?
 Geometry of An Elephent ?!?!?!
• A bigger warm blooded animal should in principle generate
more metabolic heat energy simply because it has more volume
hence more flesh and cells.
• This metabolic heat release has to be regulated if it is excess
only through the heat transfer across the skin surface area.
• Firstly, in such a situation, having a fur coat of a hair structure
is the least desired thing and hence Elephants are mostly bald.
• The hotter the climate in which they live, the balder they are.
• Secondly, Elephants have large ears which are packed with
capillary structure through which sizable quantity of blood
flows.
• The ear flaps of the elephant serve as an enormous convection
fin - a flapping one at that - to enhance heat transfer from the
elephant body to the environment.
 Classification of Elephants

African Elephant
Indian Elephant
Mammoths, living in a cold tundra region, have fur coats and
small hairy ears.
 An Exotic & Artificial Device……

The basic invention is due to other sciences…

The final and reliable existence is due to Heat
Transfer…
The Pentium 4 Processor
Basic Location on A Mother Board
Heat Sinks for Pentium 4
Pentium 4 While Performing
Heat Sinks of Cooling of Electronics
Heat Sinks : Guided Flow
Heat Sinks : Guided Flow with Different Fin Shapes
Heat Sinks : Curious Paired Video Card-Motherboard
Design
 What is Heat Transfer?

• Thermal energy is related to the temperature of matter.

• For a given material and mass, the higher the temperature,
the greater its thermal energy.
• Heat transfer is a study of the exchange of thermal energy
through a body or between bodies which occurs when
there is a temperature difference.
• When system and its surroundings are at different
temperatures, thermal energy transfers from the one with
higher temperature to the one with lower temperature.
• Thermal Energy always travels from hot to cold.
• This spontaneous act is called Heat Action or Heat
Transfer.
 Heat Transfer Between System & Surroundings

• Heat transfer is typically given the symbol Q, and is

expressed in joules (J) in SI units.
• The rate of heat transfer is measured in watts (W), equal to
joules per second, and is denoted by q.
• The heat flux, or the rate of heat transfer per unit area, is
measured in watts per area (W/m2), and uses q" for the
symbol.
 Heat Transfer : What Happens to the System ?

• The thermal energy of the system may decrease or

increase.
• However, temperature may or may not change…
• What is the other property, which is directly
affected by heat transfer?
• Specific Heat?
• Any couple like pressure and volume during work
transfer?
• Not now .. May be later….
 Modes of Heat & Mass Transfer

• Conduction or Diffusion
• Radiation
• Convection
 Thermal conduction through Earth's crust
• Two problems of Geophysics created a concern about heat
conduction:
• To what extent affects the heat of Earth's interior by conduction the
temperature at the surface ?
• How far inward and in what manner propagate daily and seasonal
temperature variations at Earth's surface?
• The answer through the theory of Kelvin to the first question is:
• A stationary thermal state near Earth's surface, which maintains the
heat of its interior, demands a uniform temperature gradient per
metre inwards from the surface to the centre, provided all the
different layers have the same thermal conductivity.
• Depending on their locations, temperature measurements in bore
holes have yielded different results, on the average about 1ºC per
33m (medium geothermal depth gradient).
• An answer to the second question is best based on the observations
of the Edinburgh Observatory (since 1837).
 Conduction Heat Transfer

• Conduction is a significant mode of transfer when system

and surroundings consist of solids or stationery fluids.
• When you touch a hot object, the heat you feel is
transferred through your skin by conduction.
• Two mechanisms explain how heat is transferred by
conduction: lattice vibration and particle collision.
• Conduction through solids occurs by a combination of the
two mechanisms; heat is conducted through stationery
fluids primarily by molecular collisions.
Conduction by lattice vibration or Particle
Collisions
 Fourier law of heat conduction
A Constitutive Relation
• The rate of heat transfer through the wall
increases when:
• The temperatures difference between the left
and right surfaces increase,
• The wall surface area increases,
• The wall thickness reduces,
• The wall is changed from brick to aluminum.
• If we measure temperatures of the wall from
left to right and plot the temperature variation
with the wall thickness, we get:

qx  kA
Thot  Tcold 
 kA
T 
L L
This is called as Fourier Law of Conduction
Thermal Image of Laptop Casing
Graphite Covering
Thermal Image of Laptop Casing with Graphite cover
Most General form of Fourier Law of Conduction

 dT 
qx ' '   k  
 dx 

q ' '   kT

k  k xiˆ  k y ˆj  k z kˆ
 Radiative Mode of Heat Transfer

• Any body (> absolute zero) emits

radiation at various wavelengths.
• Transparent bodies radiate energy
in spherical space.

• Non-transparent bodies radiate

energy in hemi-spherical space.

• The radiation energy emitted by a

body is distributed in space at
various wavelengths.
• This complex phenomenon
requires simplified laws for
engineering use of radiation.
 Planck Radiation Law
• The primary law governing blackbody radiation is the Planck
Radiation Law.
• This law governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit
surface area of a blackbody as a function of wavelength for a
fixed temperature.
• The Planck Law can be expressed through the following
2
Eb  , T  
equation. 2hc 1
5 hc
e kT
1
h = 6.625 X 10-27 erg-sec (Planck Constant)

K = 1.38 X 10-16 erg/K (Boltzmann Constant)

C = Speed of light in vacuum

 Stefan-Boltzmann Law

• The maximum emissive power at a given temperature is the

black body emissive power (Eb).
• Integrating Planks Law over all wavelengths gives Eb.
   
 2

0 Eb  , T d  0  5 hc d
2 hc 1

 e kT  1


2hc 2 4
Eb T   4
T 4
 T 4

 hc 
15 
k 
• Driving forces: Heat transfer by radiation is driven by
differences in emissive power (proportional to T4.
 Radiation from a Thermodynamic System

The total energy emitted by a real system, regardless of the

wavelengths, is given by:


Qemitted   sysAsyssurfaceTsys
4

• where εsys is the emissivity of the system,

• Asys-surface is the surface area,
• Tsys is the temperature, and
• σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, equal to 5.67×10-8 W/m2K4.
• Emissivity is a material property, ranging from 0 to 1, which
measures how much energy a surface can emit with respect to an
ideal emitter (ε = 1) at the same temperature