Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Global System
for Mobiles
1
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
3
Background to GSM
• 1G : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
• Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
• 2G : Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)
• Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
• 2G : Global System for Mobile (GSM)
• Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA and TDMA, FDD
• 2G : Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, SS, FDD
5
Cellular Network Basics
• There are many types of cellular services;
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology;
radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas
propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz,
and 1900 MHz frequency bands
GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G
HSCSD EDGE
Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
TD-SCDMA
Cdma2000-3xRTT
3GPP2 3GPP
Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Broadband
3G-specific
3G-specific services
services take
take in wide area
advantage of higher bandwidth
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or Video sharing
and/or real-time
real-time QoS
QoS Video telephony
A
A number
number of
of mobile
mobile Real-time IP
services Multitasking multimedia and games
services are
are bearer
bearer
independent WEB browsing Multicasting
independent inin nature
nature
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Voice & SMS Presence/location
Push-to-talk
Typical
average bit GSM GPRS EGPRS WCDMA HSDPA
rates 9.6 171 473 2 1-10
(peak rates kbps kbps kbps Mbps Mbps
higher)
2000 1x
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
EVDO
EVDV
2000-
2000-
GSM Evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data
connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when
nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping
HSCSD) Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
GSM HSCSD 3x improvement in data rate on short
9.6kbps (one distances
timeslot) Can fall back to GMSK for greater
GSM Data distances
Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
GSM GPRS
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM
RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM
UTRAN
+
SD
23
Development of the GSM Standard
1982: Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) 1992: Official commercial launch of
created GSM service in Europe. First
Launch in Finland
1984: Description of GSM features
1993: The GSM-MoU has 62
signatories in 39 countries
1985: List of recommendations settled worldwide.
1988: Validation and trials, of the radio 2000: 480M GSM subscribers
interface.
Worldwide
First GPRS Networks roll out
1991: First system trials are
demonstrated at the Telecom 91 End 2002: 792M GSM subscribers
exhibition. Worldwide
24
GSM Specifications
01 SERIES
12 SERIES GENERAL 02 SERIES
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE SERVICE ASPECTS
11 SERIES 03 SERIES
EQUIPMENT AND TYPE NETWORK ASPECTS
APPROVAL SPECIFICATIONS
10 SERIES 04 SERIES
SERVICE INTERWORKING MS-BSS INTERFACE AND
PROTOCOLS
09 SERIES 05 SERIES
NETWORK PHYSICAL LAYER ON THE
INTERWORKING RADIO PATH.
08 SERIES 06 SERIES
BSS TO MSC INTERFACES 07 SERIES SPEECH CODING
TERMINAL ADAPTERS SPECIFICATIONS
FOR MOBILE STATIONS
Increasing GSM Data Rates
report video
UMTS photo clip
video
E/GPRS web photo report clip
video
ISDN e-mail web photo report clip
video
PSTN e-mail web photo report clip
video
GSM e-mail web photo report clip
ck
pa
100 k
64 k u it EDGE
UMTS
c
cir HSCSD
14.4
10 k GPRS
9.6
Time frame
1k
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
GPRS = General Packet Radio Service
HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data
EDGE = Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
27
Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched
Circuit mode
Packet mode A
→F
A
F
B →F
A
C →GHF
D
A
C
→GHF
C
D
A
C →G →
→GHF
C
D
A C →G
G
D D →H D →H
H
E
28
Multiple Access Technique
• Multiple Access – Achieved by dividing the available
radio frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can
be given access at the same time.
• FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
– ( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz)
• TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
– ( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into
8 timeslots)
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
– (eg: IS95- Each User data is coded with a unique
code) 29
Duplex Technique
• Duplex - How the up link and Down link of a user
is separated
• FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
– (eg:In GSM the up link and down link of a user is
separated by 45MHz )
• TDD - Time Division Duplex
– (the up link and down link of a user will be at the same
frequency but at different Time )
30
What are the types in
GSM Network?
• GSM-900 (Channels 125 operating band 900Mhz
carrier spacing 200khz spacing 45Mhz)
32
GSM Band Allocations (MHz)
Duplex Duplex
GSM systems Uplink Downlink Band Spacing channels
915
Uplink
915
876 880 890 915 1710 1785 1850 1910
P-GSM
E-GSM GSM 1800 GSM 1900
R-GSM
Signaling « RING ! »
riiiiing
Network
MS
GSM - Network Structure
Um
BSC
Abis MSC
A B H
MS C AuC
BTS GMSC
E F
Abis
EIR
A E
MSC
BSC PSTN
Um
BTS X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server
36
GSM System specifications
Frequency band
Uplink 890 - 915 MHz
Downlink 935 - 960MHz
Duplex Frequency Spacing 45MHz
Carrier separation 200KHz
Frequency Channels 124
Time Slots /Frame(Full Rate)8
Voice Coder Bit Rate 13Kbps
Modulation GMSK
Air transmission rate 270.833333 Kbps
Access method FDMA/TDMA
Speech Coder RPE-LTP-LPC
37
Paired Radio Channels in GSM
Case of GSM 900
890 MHz Frequency 915 MHz 935 MHz Frequency 960 MHz
38
GSM Time Division Multiplex
Frame and Physical Channels
Time-slot TDMA frame TDMA frame
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
0 4.615 ms 9.23 ms
n-1 MS1
MS2
MS3
1 //
FDMA 2 124 ARFCN
Radio Link Aspects
• From Speech to RF Signal
Blah... Blah... Blah... Blah… Blah… Blah...
Digitizing and
Source Decoding
Source Coding
Interleaving De-interleaving
Ciphering Deciphering
Modulating Demodulating
Access Techniques
Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz
Down Link 935 MHz to 960 MHz
25 MHz divided into 125 channels of 200 KHz
bandwidth
43
Access Techniques ...
0.577 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.616 ms 44
45
Fundamentals
960 MHz
935.2 Mhz 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The frequency bands are divided into 200
935 MHz 1 KHz wide channels called ARFCNs (Absolute
Radio Frequency Channel Numbers) i.e.
Data burst = 156.25 bit periods = 576.9s
there are 125 ARFCNs out of which only 124
915 MHz are used.
914.8 MHz
Each ARFCN supports 8 users with each user
124
45 MHz transmitting / receiving on a particular time
slot (TS). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
200KHz
123 Delay
UPLINK …….
Uplink (TDMA frame)
……
890.2 MHz
2
890 MHz 1
Therefore 1 TDMA frame = 156.25 x 8 = 1250 bits
The technology and has a duration of 576.92s x 8 = 4.615 ms 46
GSM Delays Uplink TDMA Frames
BTS side The start of the uplink TDMA TDMA Frame (4.615 ms)
is delayed of three time-slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R R R R R R R R
Downlink TDMA
BTS
T T T T T T T T
Down Up
MSs side link link
MS1 R T
MS2 R T
Fixed transmit
delay of three
time-slots
Timing Advance
1 - Propagation Delay
M2 d2 d1>>d2 M1
BTS Frame reference TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
Propagation Delay t p
Bits Overlapping
MSs transmit
Timing Advance
2 - Without Timing Advance: Collision
TX BTS CAN WHAT GSM HOW WHEN WHAT
RX BTS yes the ms-isdn
TA
RX MS1 CAN
TX MS1 +3TS yes
RX MS2 WHAT
TX MS2 the
RX MS3 GSM
D
TX MS3
D ms-isdn
RX MS4 HOW
TX MS4
RX MS5
TX MS5 Propagation Delay WHEN
RX MS6 WHAT
TX MS6
RX MS7
TX MS7
RX MS8
TX MS8
49
Timing Advance
3 - With Timing Advance: No Collision
TX BTS CAN WHAT GSM HOW WHEN WHAT
RX BTS yes the ms-isdn
RX MS1 CAN
TX MS1 +3TS - TA yes
RX MS2 WHAT
TX MS2 D the
RX MS3 GSM
TX MS3 D ms-isdn
RX MS4 HOW
TX MS4
RX MS5
TX MS5
Propagation Delay WHEN
RX MS6 WHAT
TX MS6
RX MS7
TX MS7
Timing Advance = 2 * Propagation Delay
RX MS8
TX MS8
50
GSM in comparison with other
Standards
• GSM gives mobility without any loss in Audio quality
• Encryption techniques used gives high security in the
air Interface and also use of SIM.
• Bit Interleaving for high efficiency in Transmission.
• Variable Power (Power budgeting- extend battery life)
• Minimum Interference.
• Features-CCS7 Signaling
– SMS (Short Message Services)
– Emergency Calls
– CELL Broadcast
51
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
52
MS
GSM - Network Structure
Um
BSC
Abis MSC
A B H
MS C AuC
BTS GMSC
E F
Abis
EIR
A E
MSC
BSC PSTN
Um
BTS X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server
53
GSM Network
SS
Switching
AUC System
External
PSTN & VLR HLR EIR
PDN N/W OMC
MSC
MS Mobile Station
BTS Base transceiver System
BSC Base Station Controller
MSC Mobile Switching Center BSS BSC Base Station
HLR Home Location Register
VLR Visitor Location Register BTS
System
EIR Equipment Identity Register
AUC Authentication Center MS 54
OMC Operation And Maintenance Center
GSM Architecture
GSM VMSC SMSC
Air interface
B
S A AUC
C interface HLR
Abis
interface
TRAU MSC PSTN
VLR
BTS
B
S
BTS C
BTS EIR
OMCS
BTS BTS
BTS
Network and switching
subsystem
Mobile A interface SS7 / speech
Station X.25
OMCR SS7
56
SIM
• Portable Smart Card with memory (ROM-6KB to
16KB-A3/A8 algorithm, RAM- 128KB TO 256KB,
EEPROM- 3KB to 8KB )
• Static Information
– International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
– Personal Identification Number (PIN)
– Authentication Key (Ki)
• Dynamic Information
– Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
– Location Area Identity (LAI)
– Phone memories, billing information
– Ability to store Short Messages received
57
SIM-Card and GSM Mobile
Equipment
Global GSM Mobility
Card
= +
The Smart Card to use
GSM
Contains:
- IMSI
SIM-Card
The SIM-Card Functions
Credit Card Size
µ SIM-Card
Global GSM Mobility
Card
15 mm
The Smart Card to use
25 mm
Permanent data:
GSM
Unique mobile subscriber identity Microchip with stored
through IMSI number and PIMSI user information
for Packet Mode
Authentication parameter Ki,
Authentication algorithm A3, Removable data:
Generating encryption key Kc - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Number,
algorithm A8, - Location Area Identification
PIN code. - Routing Area Identification (Packet mode)
Subscriber Identification
IMSI MS - ISDN
Mobile Station -
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
Nature Integrated Services Digital Network Nb
Similar to ISDN,
Conformity with E212
Conformity with E164/E213
Country
Mobile Mobile Mobile Subscriber National Mobile Subscriber
Code
Meaning Country Network Ident. Nb
(where Destination (national definition)
Code Code H1 H2 = Identity of HLR
subscription Code * M1 M2 = nbr of logical HLR
within the home PLMN
has been made)
Mobile Mobile
Country Network Location Area Code Routing Area Code
Code Code LAC RAC
3 digits 2 digits
RAI
Description Stored in the Network
MS-ISDN (15 digits max)
MSRN
Is a PSTN-like
number to track the
National
Country MS that hands over
Code
Destination HO-number to another MSC
Code during call-in-state
NDC = 9448(BSNL-karnataka)
CC = 33 (France)
9845,9880(Airtel)
091(India)
9886(Hutch)
001(US)
62
= 660, 661, 618 (Bytel)
Descriptor Embodied in the
Mobile Equipment
IMEI enables the operator to check
the Mobile Equipment Identity
at call setup and make sure
that no stolen or unauthorized MS
is used in the GSM network
Y PE VED
T O
P PR
A
TAC FAC SNR SP
Y PE VED
T O
P PR
A
TAC FAC SNR SP
351475 60 IMEI:
926514 4# 0 6 #
*
MS Classmark
Power classes
Classmark For GMSK modulation
Revision level GSM GSM GSM
Class
RF power 400/850/900 1800 1900
1 1 W** 1 W**
Encryption algorithm
2 8 W* 0.25 W 0.25 W
Frequency
3 5W 4W 2W
Short message 4 2 W**
LoCation Services 5 0.8 W
MS Positioning Method
For 8-PSK modulation
8-PSK modulation
GSM GSM GSM
Multi-slot class Class
400/850/900 1800 1900
Multi-band E1 2W 1W 1W
E2 0.5 W 0.4 W 0.4 W
* Typical value for car mounted E3 0.2 W 0.16 W 0.16 W
** Typical value for handheld
Base Transceiver Station
(BTS)
• Handles the radio interface to the mobile station.
• Consists of one or more radio terminals for
transmission and reception
• Each Radio terminal represents an RF Channel
• TRX and MS communicates over Um interface
• Received data transcoding
• Voice encryption/decryption
• Signal processing functions of the radio interface
• Uplink Radio channel power measurements
66
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Provides all the control functions and physical links
between the MSC and BTS
• External Interfaces
– ‘Abis’ interface towards the BTS
– ‘A’ interface towards the MSC
• Monitors and controls several BTSs
• Management of channels on the radio interface
• Alarm Handling from the external interfaces
• Performs inter-cell Handover
• Switching from ‘Abis’ link to the ‘A’ link
• Interface to OMC for BSS Management
67
Mobile Switching Center
(MSC)
• Performs call switching
• Interface of the cellular network to PSTN
• Routes calls between PLMN and PSTN
• Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to mobile
user
• Inter-BSC Handover
• Paging
• Billing
68
Home Location Register
(HLR)
• Stores user data of all Subscribers related to the
GMSC
– International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
– Users telephone number (MS ISDN)
– Subscription information and services
– VLR address
– Reference to Authentication center for key (Ki)
• Referred when call comes from public land network
69
Visitor Location Register
(VLR)
• Database that contains Subscriber
parameters and location information for all
mobile subscribers currently located in the
geographical area controlled by that VLR
• Identity of Mobile Subscriber
• Copy of subscriber data from HLR
• Generates and allocates a Temporary
Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
• Location Area Code
• Provides necessary data when mobile
originates call
70
Authentication Center (AuC)
• Stores Subscriber authentication data called Ki, a
copy of which is also stored in in the SIM card
• Generates security related parameters to authorize a
subscriber (SRES-Signed RESponse)
• Generates unique data pattern called Cipher key (Kc)
for user data encryption
• Provides triplets - RAND, SRES & Kc, to the HLR on
request.
71
EIR (Equipment Identity
Register)
• EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid
mobile station equipment within the network, where
each mobile station is identified by its International
Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI).
• EIR has three databases.,
– White list - For all known,good IMEI’s
– Black list - For all bad or stolen handsets
– Grey list - For handsets/IMEI’s that are on
observation
72
Location Area Identity
• LAI identifies a location area which is a group of
cells..
• It is transmitted in the BCCH.
• When the MS moves into another LA (detected by
monitoring LAI transmitted on the BCCH) it must
perform a LU.
• LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
– MCC= Mobile Country Code(3 digits), identifies the country
– MNC= Mobile Network Code(1-2 digits), identifies the GSM-
PLMN
– LAC= Location Area Code, identifies a location area within a
GSM PLMN network. The maximum length of LAC is 16
bits,enabling 65536 different location areas to be defined in
one GSM PLMN. 73
Interfaces and Protocols
Digital
Networks
ISUP
Abis A E
D G
74
GSM Entities and Signaling
Architecture
75
GSM Protocols
• CM - Connection Management
• MM - Mobility Management
• RR - Radio resource
• LAPDm - LAPD for mobile
• LAPD - Link Access Procedure for D channel
• BTSM - BTS Management Part
• BSSAP - BSS Application Part (BSC - MSC)
• DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part (MS - MSC)
• MAP - Mobile Application Part
• MTP - Message Transfer part of SS7
• SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part of SS7
• TCAP - Transaction Capabilities Application Part
• ISUP - ISDN User Part
76
Functional Plane of GSM
CC
MM
RR
Trans
78
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
79
Channels : differentiating
between Physical and Logical
channels
Physical channels : The combination of an ARFCN
and a time slot defines a physical channel.
80
Channel concept
Physical channel:
One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier
is referred to as a physical channel.
There are 8 physical channels per carrier in
GSM,channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7)
Logical channel:
A great variety of information must be
transmitted between BTS and the MS,for e.g.
user data and control signaling.Depending
on the kind of information transmitted we
refer to different logical channels.These logical
channels are mapped on physical 81
channel.
Logical Channels on Air interface
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
COMMON DEDICATED
CHANNELS CHANNELS
82
Logical channels
Logical channels
Half Full
CCCH DCCH
BCH rate rate
87
Dedicated Control Channels-
DCCH
• Stand alone dedicated control channel(SDCCH)
• AGCH assigns SDCCH as signaling channel on
request by MS.The MS is informed about which
frequency(ARFCN) & timeslot to use for traffic.
• Used for location update, subscriber authentication,
ciphering information, equipment validation and
assignment of TCH.
• This is used both sides, up and Downlink point-point.
88
Dedicated Control Channels-
DCCH
• Slow associated control channel-SACCH
– Transmission of radio link signal measurement, power
control etc.
– Average signal strengths(RXLev) and quality of service
(RXQual) of the serving base station and of the neighboring
cells is sent on SACCH (on uplink).
– Mobile receives information like what TX power it has to
transmit and the timing advance. It is associated with TCH
or SDCCH
• Fast associated control channel-FACCH
– Used for Hand over commands and during call setup and
release. FACCH data is sent over TCH with stealing flag set
89
Traffic Channels-TCH
• TCH carries the voice data.
• Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data in the normal
burst.
• One TCH is allocated for every active call.
• Full rate traffic channel occupies one physical
channel(one TS on a carrier) and carries voice data
at 13kbps
• Two half rate (6.5kbps) TCHs can share one physical
channel.
90
GSM Channels
GSM Channels
(down uplink)
Full Half
Downlink Downlink Uplink
rate rate
Fast Slow
TCH /F TCH /H FCCH SCH BCCH PCH AGCH CBCH RACH SDCCH FACCH SACCH
Traffic Multiframing Signaling Multiframing Traffic Multiframing
91
The Logical Channels on Radio Interface
TS 0123456 7
BTS MS
FCCH TCH
Frequency correction Traffic (speech-data)
SCH FACCH
Synchronization Associated Signaling
BCCH
Broadcast control
RACH Radio Measurement + SMS
SACCH
Access request SDCCH
Dedicated Signaling
PCH
Subscriber paging CBCH
Broadcast info
AGCH
Answer to Access request
FCCH
CBCH
Broadcast info SCH
M.S. Pre-synchronization
SDCCH
Dedicated Signaling BCCH
SACCH
Sys InFo 5, 6 + SMS RACH
Access request
PCH
Traffic (speech data) Subscriber paging
TCH
AGCH
Associated Signaling Answer to Access request
FACCH
92
Logical Channel Description
(1/2)
SACCH MESSAGES
TCH MESSAGES
Measures:
power level of the communication • Speech
93
Logical Channel
FCCH MESSAGES
Description
AGCH MESSAGES
(2/2)
• no message is sent (all bits 0) • For dedicated channel assignment:
frequency number
slot number
frequency hopping description
SCH MESSAGES Timing Advance (1st estimation)
• Frame Number MS identification
• Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)
CBCH MESSAGES
BCCH MESSAGES • Specific information
(weather, road information
ormation type 1, 2, 2bis,
8
(idle mode) RACH MESSAGES
• Service request:
emergency call
PCH MESSAGES answer to an incoming call
outgoing call
• messages containing a mobile short message
identity for a call, a short message call re-establishment
or an authentication inscription
94
Traffic and Control Multiframing
Traffic channel Control channel
Frame
4.615 ms
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
1326
frames
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T time
T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 A0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 A1 time
99
Logical Channel Mapping
2 - Dedicated Signaling Channel Combination
A A A A
Downlink
51 frames = 235 ms
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7
time
Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms
A5 A6 A7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
A1 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
time
A : SACCH D : SDCCH : IDLE
100
Logical Channel Mapping
3 - Common Channel Combination
Downlink Multiframe m
Multiframe Multiframe
m-1 51 frames = 235.38 ms m+1
C FS B C FS C C FS C C FS C C FS C C FS B
PCH/AGCH
Physical Channel
BTS ARFCN (n) TS (s) MS
SCH BCCH
FCCH
Uplink
51 frames = 235.38 ms
R R R RR R R RR R RRR R R RR R R RRR R RR R R RR R R R R R R R R R RRR R RR RR RR R R R
time
: PCH /
F : FCCH S : SCH B : BCCH C AGCH R : RACH : IDLE
101
Logical Channel Mapping
4 - Common
Downlink
Channel Combination
51 frames = 235 ms
FS B C FS C C FS D0 D1 FS D2 D3 FS A0 A1
FS B C FS C C FS D0 D1 FS D2 D3 FS A2 A3
time
Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms
D3 RR A2 A3 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR D0 D1 RR D2
D3 RR A0 A1 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR D0 D1 RR D2
time
: AGCH
F : FCCH S : SCH B : BCCH C /PCH R : RACH A : SACCH D : SDCCH : IDLE
102
103
Why 26 and 51 Frames per Multiframe?
0 1 10 20 30 40 50 0 1
FS B C FS C C FS C C FS C C FS C C FS
TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTT
01 12 25 0 1 12 25
Downlink
message
Uplink
message
Mobile Rx Rx Tx Rx Rx Tx Rx Rx Tx
activity (n) (n) (n)
Neighboring BTS
(downlink)
Measurement Windows
104
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
105
From Speech to Radio Transmission
Speech
Channel Channel
Step 2 coding decoding
Interleaving De-interleaving
Step 3
Burst deformatting
Burst formatting
Deciphering
Step 4 Ciphering
Demodulation
Step 5 Modulation equalization
Step 6 Diversity
Transmission
106
GSM Radio Link
107
GSM Radio Link
• Bit Interleaving - Done at BTS and MS
• Encryption - Done at BTS and MS
– EX OR data with cipher block, which is generated by
applying A5 Algorithm to the Ciphering Key(Kc)
• Multiplexing - Done at BTS
• Modulation - Done at BTS and MS
– GMSK(Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying)
– Phase change of +90 for 0 and -90 for 1
108
Speech Coding
BP A/D SPEECH
ENCODER
CHANNEL
CODING
To modulator
111
Channel Processing in GSM
Overview for Full Rate
20 ms Speech blocks 20 ms 20 ms
A B C
A A A A B B B B B B B B 8 Sub blocks C C C C
5 6 7 8
Interleaving 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
of 57 bits
A5 A6 A7 A8 B5 B6 B7 B8
8 Bursts B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4
A A A A B B B B 4 Sub blocks C C C C
1 2 3 4
Interleaving 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
of 57 bits
A3 A4 B3 B4
4 Bursts B1 B2 C1 C2
Normal
burst 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
114
Interleaving: TCH Full Rate
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 455 456
coded bits
Divide 456 bits in 8 sub-blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
57 Rows
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 reordering
•• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• &
• • • • • • • • partitioning
out
448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455
4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
diagonal
interleaving
bit
interleaving
burst
b0 b1 b56 b0 b1 b56
115
Burst Formatting
Normal Burst
1 frame:
4.615 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Training Guard
DATA S sequence
S DATA
Band
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Burst
148 bits Guard
116
Burst Formats
Frequency Correction Burst
(FCCH) Guard
Tail Data Tail Period
3 bits 142 fixed bits (0) 3 bits 8.25 bits
Synchronization Burst
(SCH) Guard
Tail Data Extended Training Sequence Data Tail Period
3 bits 39 encrypted bits 64 synchronization bits 39 bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
117
Burst Formats
Normal Burst
Tail Data Training Sequence Data Tail Guard
Period
3 bits 57 encrypted bits 1 26 bits 1 57 encrypted bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
Dummy Burst
Guard
Tail Dummy Sequence Training Sequence Dummy Sequence Tail Period
3 bits 58 mixed bits 26 midamble bits 58 mixed bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
Access Burst
Training
Tail Sequence Data Tail Guard Period
Received S Training S
Data Data
burst sequence
119
Interleaving
Encoded speech blocks - Diagonal Interleaving
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Even bits
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Odd bits
Bn-4 Bn-3 Bn-2 Bn-1 Bn Bn+1 Bn+2 Bn+3
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Even bits
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Odd bits
Bn-4 Bn-3 Bn-2 Bn-1 Bn Bn+1 Bn+2 Bn+3
120
Burst
• The information format transmitted during one
timeslot in the TDMA frame is called a burst.
• Different Types of Bursts
– Normal Burst
– Random Access Burst
– Frequency Correction Burst
– Synchronization Burst
121
Normal Burst
156.25 bits 0.577 ms
122
156.25 bits 0.577 ms
Synchronization Burst
123
Transmission on the
radio channels
• A timeslot has a duration of .577 m seconds (148 Bits)
• 8 timeslots(8 x 0.577 = 4.62 ms) form a TDMA frame
• If a mobile is assigned one TS it transmits only in this time
slot
• and stays idle for the other 7 with its transmitter off, called
bursting
• The start on the uplink is delayed from downlink by 3 TS
periods
• One TS = duration of 156.25 bits, and its physical contents
is
• called a burst
Downlink 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BTS > MS
Uplink 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MS > BTS
124
Offset
Timing Advance
MS1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MS1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
near near
MS2 MS2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
far far
At At
BTS BTS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
125
Frames Types On Um
Interface
• TDMA Frame
– 8 Time slots (Burst Period)
– Length is 4.62 ms(8 * 0.577ms)
• 26-TDMA Multiframe
– 26 TDMA Frames (24 TCH, SACCH, Idle)
– 120 ms (26 * 4.62ms)
• 51-TDMA Multiframe
– 26 TDMA Frames (FCCH, SCH, BCCH, SDCCH, CCCH)
– 235.6 ms (51 * 4.62ms)
126
Frames Types On Um
Interface
• Super Frame
– 51* 26 TDMA Frames
– 6.12 S
• Hyper Frame
– 2048 * 51* 26 TDMA Frames
– 3 Hours, 28 Minutes, 53 Secs and 760 ms
127
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
128
Mobility Management
• Mobility Management (MM)
• Location updating- normal,periodic, IMSI attach
• Paging
• Security Management
– Preventing unauthorized users- authentication
– Maintaining Privacy of users- ciphering
• Providing roaming facility
• MM functionality mainly handled by MS, HLR,
MSC/VLR.
129
Network Attachment
· Cell Identification
· MS scans complete GSM frequency band for
highest power
· Tunes to highest powered frequency and looks
for FCCH. Synchronizes in frequency domain
· Get training sequence from SCH which follows
FCCH. Synchronizes in time domain.
· Accesses BCCH for network id, location area and
frequencies of the neighboring cells.
· Stores a list of 30 BCCH channels
130
Network Attachment…..
· PLMN Selection
· Get the operator information from SIM.
· Cell Selection
· Selected cell should be a cell of the selected
PLMN
· Signal strength should be above the threshold.
· Cell should not be barred
· Location Update
· Register with the network by means of location
updation procedures.
131
MS Location Update
MS BTS BSC
(registration)
(G)MSC VLR HLR
Action
Channel Request (RACH)
Channel Assignment (AGCH)
A8
Data sent on air
interface ciphered
for security
Kc
Um interface A5 and A8
MS Network
Kc
algorithms used to
Kc
cipher data
Data
A5
Ciphered
A5
Data
Ciphering Key is
Data
never transmitted
on air
134
TOPICS
• GSM CONCEPTS
• GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
• GSM CHANNELS
• GSM RADIO LINK
• MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• CALL MANAGEMENT
• RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
135
Communication Management
(CM)
• Setup of calls between users on request
• Routing function i.e. Choice of transmission
segments linking users
• Point to Point Short message services
136
PLMN Selection
Yes Yes
Is there an up to date
found PLMNs list?
No
Creation of a found
PLMN list
manual automatic
mode mode
Memorize the
beacon
frequencies in the
precedent
selection
Selection of
Eligible cell? another PLMN
No
Yes
C1 Computation for
Suitable cell:
eligible cells
- cell of the selected PLMN
Eligible cell
- cell not barred
- C1 > 0 Suitable cell?
No
Yes
Look for the cell with the best
C1 in the suitable cells list
No Yes
Cell Selection
Purpose: get synchronization
with the GSM network
prior establishing any communication.
1
BTS-5
1 BTS-4 1
H 2
FCC
1 3
BTS-3 5 SCH
4
CH
BC BTS-1
This cell
BTS-2
Immediate Assignment
MS BTS BSC MSC
CHANNEL REQUEST
1 CHANNEL REQUIRED
RACH 2
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
3 Immediate
4
CHANNEL ACTIVATION Assignment
ACK.
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT 5
5 COMMAND
AGCH
CM SERVICE REQUEST
6
SDCCH or TCH
OR
LOCATION UPDAT. REQU.
6
SDCCH or TCH
Registration: the Very First
Location Update
1
BSS
IMSI 2
2 4 MSC
4 BSC TMSI
5
TMSI 6
5 BTS 2
Release
6
4 TMSI
145
IMSI Attach
CHANNEL
1
REQUEST BSS
IMMEDIATE
ASSIGNMENT
2
VLR
146
IMSI Detach
CHANNEL
1 BSS
REQUEST
IMMEDIATE
ASSIGNMENT
2
BSC
IMSI DETach
MSC
IMSI DETach 3
3 INDication
INDication
BTS
CHANNEL
4
RELEASE
VLR
147
Mobile Originating Call
MS BSS MSC PSTN
CHANNEL REQUEST VLR
Dialing 1
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
2
CM SERVICE REQUEST CM SERVICE REQUEST
2 2
3 Authentication procedure
3 Ciphering procedure
149
Mobile Terminating Call
1 - Paging Principle
LA1
6 BSC1 4
BTS11
5
3 1
BTS12 MSC/ PSTN
6 GMSC
5 VLR
BSC2
BTS21
2
BTS22
HLR
LA2
BTS23 BSC3
BTS31
150
Mobile Terminating Call
2 - Detailed Procedure
Visitor PLMN International Home PLMN
SS7
VLR HLR
Provide Roaming Number
(IMSI) 4
Roaming Number
5 (MSRN)
6
9
Send 1
Send info Routing Routing
PAGE to I/C
PAGING Information Information MSISDN
(TMSI + LA) (MSRN)
REQUEST (MSRN) (MSISDN)
(TMSI)
8 3
11 PAGING IAM (MSRN)
REQUEST 10 IAM
VMSC 7 GMSC (MSISDN) 2 ISDN
BSS (TMSI + LA)
PN
IAM
IAM 1
PAGING REQUEST 2 (MSISDN)
PAGING REQUEST 3 (MSRN)
4 (TMSI or IMSI, LA) Dialing
CHANNEL REQUEST
5
(LAC, Cell ID)
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT 6
(SDCCH or TCH)
8 Authentication procedure
9 Ciphering procedure
Ringing
10 Setup, Assignment, Alerting Address Complete Message
11
CONNECT ANswer Message
12
12
Path
Established
152
Call Release
1 - Mobile Initiated
MS BSS MSC PSTN
1 Call in progress
DISCONNECT
2 DISCONNECT
2
RELEASE RELEASE
3
3
RELEASE COMPLETE
4
Release
CHANNEL RELEASE 6 5
RELEASE INDICATION
7
RF Channel Release
procedure 8
Release
9
tone
153
Call Release
2 - PSTN Initiated
1
BSS 1 1
3 3 REL
MSC 2
4 BSC 4 PSTN
RLC
5 6
BTS 5
1
2
Purpose:
informs the mobile
then releases radio
and network resources.
On hook
154
Mobile Originated Call
• Request for Service
• Authentication
• Ciphering
• Equipment Validation
• Call Setup
• Handovers
• Call Release
155
Mobile Terminated Call
• Paging
• Authentication
• Ciphering
• Equipment Validation
• Call Setup
• Handovers
• Call Release
156
Mobile Terminated Call
MS
Paging HLR
BTSTMSI Paged
Assignment CMD
(=TCH) on SDCCH on PCH BSC VLR
Query for
*RESP
MS
Allocate
Page tunes
SDCCHon SDCCH VLR info
MS Ch. REQ
* Assgn CMP Connect traffic Ch.to trunk AuC
over
( TMSI
over AGCH
RACH + LAI) frees SDCCH Query VLR GMSC
BTS
* Phone rings Page
Page RES Reply
Assgn CMP for LAC and (MSRN)
Assign. REQ
Paging TMSI
the area
(+TMSI) EIR
Route
toNetwork
MSC Alerting
MSC
BSC
PSTN
BTS
Land to
Mobile call
(MSISDN)
158
Radio Resource Management
• Establish maintain and release stable connections
between MS and MSC
• Manage Limited Radio and Terrestrial resources
• Handover process is the sole responsibility of the RR
Layer
• Functions of RR layer are performed by MS and BSC
and partly by MSC
159
Radio Resource Management
• Power Control
• Hand over Control
• Discontinuous Transmission
• Frequency Hopping
160
Power Control
- Reduce interference
- Longer battery life
161
Handover
Means to continue a call even a mobile crosses
the border of one cell to another
Procedure which made the mobile station really
roam
Handover causes
RxLev (Signal strength , uplink or downlink)
RxQual (BER on data)
O & M intervention
Timing Advance
Traffic or Load balancing
162
Handover Types
• Internal Handover (Intra-BSS)
– Within same base station - intra cell
– Between different base stations - inter cell
• External Handover (Inter-BSS)
– Within same MSC -intra MSC
– Between different MSCs - inter-MSC
163
Handover Types
GMSC
MSC
BSC
BSC
C-3
BSC
MSC
HO required
Activate TCH(facch)
with HoRef#
BSC
Acknowledges and
alloctes TCH (facch) if
1. Check for HO passed
2. Channel avail in new BTS
Release TCH
Cell 2
Periodic Measurement
Reports (SACCH) BTS 1
Cell 1
165
Frequency plan and importance of BCCH
B5 Sectored
B6 antennas
B4
ample frequency plan:
adcast frequencies : B3
B7
Broadcast channels = 48-62 B1
Hopping channels = 32-46 B8 B2
B11
Back 167
Location Updates
Location Updates can be classified
into two:
168
1. The MS is monitoring the BCCH and has all the decoded
information stored on the SIM ( including the LAC)
2. As soon as the mobile is on a TCH it sends the signal
strength indication on the corresponding SACCH
3. The BSC monitors the signal strengths and on analysis
sends a ‘handoff request’ on FACCH. The handoff process is
completed on the FACCH.
4. After the completion of call, the MS starts monitoring the
BCCH again. On finding the LAC (stored on SIM) and that
decoded from the BCCH to be different , the MS requests a
‘Location Update’ through SDCCH.
Back 169
Discontinuous
Transmission
• Discontinuous Transmission(DTX) allows the
radio transmitter to be switched off most of the
time during speech pauses.
• A Silence Indicator Block is transmitted at
500bps, which generates a comfort noise
• Down Link interference is decreased.
• Up link battery is saved
170
Frequency Hopping
• Frequency Hopping permits the dynamic switching of
radio links from one carrier frequency to another.
• Base Band Hopping
– At the BTS each the timeslot is shifted to another
transceiver, which is transmitting at the hop
frequency. User will be connected to different
Transceivers depending on hop sequence.
• Synthesis Hopping
– At the BTS transceiver changes the frequencies used.
The user will be connected to only one transceiver.
• Decreases the probability of interference
• Suppresses the effect of Rayleigh fading
171
Add-on to GSM network
Enhanced : rate for GSM Evolution
Data
PCU; Packet• Segmentation/re-assembly
EDGETelecommunication and
is an enhancementStandards scheduling
of GPRS and CSD technologies.
• Universal
Radio channelMobile
• Based access control and management
Innovative Service on Architecture
the current GSM technology
: VHE Concept - -providing
same TDMAtheframe
us
• •Transmission
Wireless Data
error
structure, detection
same and retransmission.
bandwidth (200 kHz).
• the
Powersame look and feel of its personalized services independent of
control
network • Uses
andmobility 8-PSK modulation instead of GMSK. Surf the Internet while on the move
terminal.
SGSN: GPRS Requires good propagation conditions.
High• Convergence
Data Application
Global
• •Encryption
Speed
Allows
User• Data
public/private
Circuit :Switched Data Telecom/Datacom,
Fixed/Mobile,
upto 48 kbps (EGPRS) and upto 28.8
Rate:14.5kbps kbps
W@P (ECSD) :on
Gateway
• Charging
•SMS Mobile every
Use multiple radio
-numeric
Multimedia channel
timeslots
driven (max=8),
market. • Adaptation of the information to the mobile
GGSN : Data:
•
160
Interface to
EDGE the PDN,
helps
characters
Internet
GSM-Only operators to compete with UMTS. of the
•User henceRate
Wideband
Data max : rate
bearers
9.6kbps=- 2GHz
115.2kbps.
band ( 5 MHz per carrier), •-max. 2Mbps
Compression UMTS
data
UMTS
One Needs
time a duplexor
slotrate
over in
the air MS for
interface • Buffering of the information
Max user data : 21.4 kbps
simultaneous Tx and Rx
Dynamic rate adaptation to suit the radio conditions at EDGE
EDGE
that time ( 9.05 kbps, 13.4 kbps, 15.6 kbps 21.4 kbps)
GPRS
GPRS
HSCSD
HSCSD
SIM WAP
WAP
SIM Circuit Switched technology
Toolkit
Toolkit
GSM
GSM Packet Switched technology
DATA
DATA
Technology for Applications
Internet
W F Mobile Network Time
W@P Service
@ o W@P Gateway
P n 98 99 2000 2001
e 172
References
• Wireless and Personal Communication Systems. Vijay.K.Garg and
Wilkes
• Overview of the GSM System and Protocol Architecture, IEEE Comm.
Magazine, Moe Rahnema.
• The GSM System for Mobile Communications- Michel Mouly & Marie-
Bernadette Pautet
• Overview of the GSM Comm- John Scourias.
173
Coverage or Traffic Limitations
TRAFFIC-
LIMITED
AREA COVERAGE-
(10000 LIMITED
subscribers AREA
per km2) (-75 dBm
at cell edge)
COVERAGE-
LIMITED
AREA
(-70 dBm
at cell edge)
174
Erlang Concept
Erlang is the unit of statistical resource use
Erlang B
At any time, more than 1 user may request the same resource simultaneously. The use of such a
resource is associated with a blocking rate.
Erlang C
When more than 1 user request at the same time, instead of rejecting the extra calls, there is a
queuing system.
175
Different Types of Cells
EXTENDED-CELL: CONCENTRIC-CELL:
macro cell with system coverage macro cell with system coverage
extension ( 120 km) for coasts... limitation inside another macro
MACRO-CELL:
antenna radiating ‘above’ roofs
---> Wide Coverage ( 35 km)
• High sensitivity to
interference
• Requires "secured"
Frequency reuse pattern
PICO-CELL:
MICRO-CELL: • High isolation from
Antenna inside building interferences
---> Very small coverage Antenna ‘below’ the roofs
• A few Frequencies
---> small coverage intensively reused
176
Cell Patterns
177
Cell Sectorization
TRI OMNI BI
Omnidirectional Site Antennas
Bi and Trisectorial Site Antennas
Link Budgeting
Based on the path loss calculation between the MS and the BS in both ways.
Rx Diversity Gain MS
Base Station
S2000E
S8000 Indoor
GSM 900 S2000L S4000 Indoor S4000 Indoor S2000H
S8000 Outdoor
S4000 Outdoor
S2000E
S2000H
PCS 1900 S2000L S8000 Outdoor
S4000 Indoor
S4000 Outdoor
Link Budget Parameters
• Combiners
H2D
D
D
4.5
4.5dB
dBLoss
Loss 4.9
4.9dB
dBLoss
Loss
Hy/2 C C C C
TX TX TX TX TX TX
2-Way
2-WayHybrid
HybridCombiner
Combinerwith
withDuplexer
Duplexer 4-Way
4-WayCavity
CavityCombiner
Combinerwith
with
Duplexer
Duplexer
allows Synthesized Frequency Hopping allows Baseband Frequency Hopping
Link Budget Parameters
• Cable Losses
• Common cable losses for 40 meters: 2.5 dB (900 MHz) and 3.5 dB (1800 MHz).
• 1 dB (1800 MHz).
Link Budget Parameters
• BTS Antenna Gain
Omnidirectional antenna
TX PA Output
33 dBm (2W) 30 dBm (1W)
Power
3 dB for Handheld
Body Loss
0 dB for Car Kit
Link Budget Presentation
Parameters
Antenna Gain (65 °)
18 dBi Frequency 1800 MHz
Jumper Loss Base Height 40.0 m
0.5 dB Mobile Height 1.5 m
Environment Urban
Feeder Loss
3 dB
Penetration Factor 15 dB
Sensitivity Body Loss 3 dB
-110 dBm
Antenna Gain
Coupling system -2 dB
Outdoor Minimum Field
Cable Loss
95%: -80 dBm 0 dB
Tx loss
4.5 dB Coverage Range RX TX
95%: 810 m
Output Power
RXm RXd 30 dBm
Sensitivity
-100 dBm
Max TX Output Power
Options
44.8 dBm
Rx Diversity Gain: 5 dB
Mobile
Base Station Overlapping Margin: 0 dB
189
Link Budget Calculation
Exercise 1: S8000 INDOOR: OPERATING FREQUENCY 1800
MHz
BTS MS
30.00 W (44.8 1.00 W (30.0
BODY LOSSES 3.0 dB
TX OUTPUT POWER dBm) dBm)
COMBINER LOSSES 5.0 dB None OVERLAPPING
MARGIN 0.0 dB
RX SENSITIVITY -110.0 dBm -102.0 dBm
RX SENSITIVITY +
INDOOR PENETRATION
DIVERSITY -115.0 dBm None FACTOR 18.0 dB
COMMON CABLE
LOSSES 3.0 dB 0.0 dB
ANTENNA GAIN 18.0 dBm -2.0 dBm
190
Fading
Example of Field Strength Variation for GSM 1800
-10
-20 Zoom on
Short Term Fading
-30 Measurement
Free Space
Field Strength (dBm)
/2
-40
±2m
-50
-60
-80
-90
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
-100
Distance (m)
Clutters
Thank you
193
Mobile Station (MS)
• Hand portable unit
194