Nozzles

Nozzles
It consists of three sections

Convergent Section
•Velocity increases and pressure decreases.
•Flow is subsonic.
•M> 1 Can never be achieved in convergent section.
Throat
•M=1 can achieved.
•Minimum cross sectional area
 Nozzles
Divergent Section
•Flow can be subsonic or supersonic.
If subsonic
Velocity decreases and pressure increases, in
accordance with the Bernoulli’s equation.
If Supersonic
Velocity increases and pressure decreases.

•M> 1 Can be achieved in divergent section. e.g jet

engines and wind tunnels.
Nozzles
Po is reservoir pressure, Pr is receiver pressure, Pt is
throat pressure and p is the pressures at length L.
Flow through nozzles is controlled by fixing Po and Pr .
Case 1
If Pr= Po No flow
Case 2
If Pr is slightly less than Po, Flow occurs is
represented by line abc.
Line bc is representing pressure recovery.
Maximum velocity occurs at throat.
Case 3
If Pr is further reduced than Po, flow rate and velocity
throughout the convergent section increases.
A limit is reached where velocity at throat becomes
sonic, this case is shown by line ade.
Line de is representing pressure recovery.
Where Pt = P* & u=c
M=1 P*/Po is critical pressure ratio
Flow is subsonic remaining at all points. As Pr decrease
from a’ to e, mass flow rate through the nozzle
increases.
As critical pressure approaches mass flow rate will become
constant. Further reduction in pressure will not
increase/change mass flow.

Case 4
If Pr is reduced to a level as shown by point f, adghf is the path
followed by fluid. dghf is the path followed by supersonic flow.
Case 5
If the receiver pressure is further reduced from that of f to
level e.g. k, pressure at the end of the nozzle remain as that of
f, and flow through nozzle remain unchanged. On issuing from
nozzle there would be sudden reduction in pressure from f to
k in the receiver.
Case 6
If the receiver pressure is held between e and f,
pressure distribution curves of the type dgg’i and
dhh’j are found due to wave phenomena in receiver.
Section dg and dh are Isentropic supersonic flow.
Sudden pressure jumps gg’ and hh’ represent shock
waves where flow changes suddenly from supersonic
to subsonic. Shock waves are thermodynamically
irreversible and entropy increase is there.
g’i and h’j represent subsonic flows.
 Throttling Process
• When a fluid flows through a restriction, such as an
orifice, a partly closed valve, or a porous plug, without any
appreciable change in kinetic or potential energy, the
primary result of the process is a pressure drop in the
fluid.
• Such a throttling process produces no shaft work and in
the absence of heat transfer equation for the first law for
a steady state, steady flow process with one inlet and one
outlet reduces to.
 Throttling Process
• Isenthalpic process.
• Enthalpy of an ideal gas depends on
temperature only, a throttling process does
not change the temperature of an ideal gas.
• For most real gases, at moderate conditions
of temperature and pressure, a reduction in
pressure at constant enthalpy results in a
decrease in temperature.
 Throttling Process
• For example, if steam at 1000 kPa and 300°C is
throttled to 101.325 kPa (atmospheric pressure)
H2 = H1 = 3052.1 kJ ⋅kg −1
• Interpolation in the steam tables at this
enthalpy and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa
Indicates a downstream temperature of
288.8°C. The temperature has decreased, but
the effect is small.
 Throttling Process
• Throttling of wet steam to sufficiently low pressure
causes the liquid to evaporate and the vapor to become
superheated.
• Thus if wet steam at 1000 kPa (t sat = 179.88°C) with a
quality of 0.96 is throttled to 101.325 kPa,
H2 = H1 = (0.04)(762.6) + (0.96)(2776.2) = 2695.7 kJ⋅kg−1
• At 101.325 kPa steam with this enthalpy has a
temperature of 109.8°C; it is therefore superheated (t sat
= 100°C).
• The considerable temperature drop here results from
evaporation of liquid.
 Throttling Process
• If a saturated liquid is throttled to a lower pressure, some of
the liquid vaporizes or flashes, producing a mixture of
saturated liquid and saturated vapor at the lower pressure.
• Thus if saturated liquid water at 1000 kPa (t sat = 179.88°C)
is flashed to 101.325 kPa (t sat = 100°C),
H2 = H1 = 762.6 kJ⋅kg−1
• At 101.325 kPa the quality of the resulting steam is found
from Eq. (6.96a) with M = H:
762.6 = (1 − x)(419.1) + x(2676.0)
= 419.1 + x(2676.0 − 419.1)
Hence x = 0.152
 Throttling Process
• Thus 15.2% of the original liquid vaporizes in
the process. Again, the large temperature
drop results from evaporation of liquid.
Throttling processes find frequent application
in refrigeration.