INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION:
Industrial construction consist of the buildings including
terrace factories or workshops, detached factories,
warehouse, factory canteens, markets, hawker centers,
sports halls, industrial training centers, etc. are
characterized by large clear open spaces under light roof
structures.

TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURES

The usual forms of roof structures are triangulated
truss frames, lattice girders and solid web portal
frames and their choice depends considerably on the
extent of clear floor space.
 Truss frames or lattice girders are usually more
economical in terms of material required.

 Portal frames are cheaper to fabricate faster in

construction and have advantages in aesthetic, ease of
maintenance and added headroom, unobstructed by ties
or bracing members.
 Portal frames
 A portal frame is
distinguished by the
rigid connection of
the rafters to the
posts of the frame so
that under load
moments are
distributed through
the rafter and the
post.
Types of portal frames:

•Steel portal frames

•Reinforced concrete portal frames

•Timber portal frames

 • Steel portal frames:
Short & medium span frames Rafters & posts from same
Section of steel beam
Long span frames Bolted connection

Short and medium span

frames the apex or ridge,
where the rafters connect, is
generally made as an on-site,
rigid bolted connection for
convenience in transporting Bolted connection
half portal frames .
Short-span portal frame

Short-span portal frames may be fabricated off site as

one frame. Medium-span portal frames are generally
fabricated in two halves for ease of transport and are
assembled on site with bolted connections of the rafters
at the ridge, with high strength friction grip bolts.
 Long span steel portal
frames have the
connection of the rafters to
the posts at the knee,
hunched to make the
connection deeper than
the main rafter section for
additional stiffness.

In long span steel portal

frames the posts and lowest
length of the rafters, towards
the knee, may often be
fabricated from cut and
welded I-sections so that the
Long-span portal frames
post section and part of the
rafter is wider at the knee
than at the base and ridge of
the rafter.
The haunched connection of
the rafters to the posts can be
fabricated either by welding a
cut I-section to the underside
of the rafter, as illustrated in
given Fig, or by cutting and
bending the bottom flange of
the rafter and welding in a
steel gusset plate.

The junction of the rafters

at the ridge is often
stiffened by welding cut
I-section to the underside
of the rafters at the
bolted site connection
• Steel portal frames may
be fixed to or pinned to
bases to foundations.
For short span portal
frames, where there is
comparatively little
spread at the knee or
haunch, a fixed base is
often used. It will be
seen from that the steel
base plate, which is
welded through gusset
plates to the post of the
portal frame, is set level
on a bed of cement
grout on the concrete
pad foundation and is
secured by four holding-
down bolts set or cast
into the concrete
foundation.
 A pinned base is made by
sitting the portal base
plate on a small steel
packing on to a separate
base plate bearing on the
concrete foundation.

Portal frames with a span of up to 15m are

defined as short span, frames with a span of 16m
to 35m as medium span and frames with a span of
36m to 60m as long span.
 TIMBER PORTAL FRAME
•Combinations of slender timber sections glued, or glued and nailed together, are
used in portal frames for medium- and long-span roofs for such buildings as
churches, assembly halls, sports halls and other single storey structures where the
timber portal frames are exposed for appearance sake.
•The advantages of timber as a structural material in this form are its low self weight
and the comparatively little maintenance required to preserve and maintain its
strength and appearance, particularly where there are levels of high humidity as in
swimming pools.
•Symmetrical-pitch glued laminated timber portal These portal frames are usually
fabricated in two sections for ease of transport and are bolted together at the ridge.
These comparatively expensive portal frames are spaced fairly widely apart to
support timber or steel purlins which can be covered with any of the sheet materials,
slates or tiles.
•The laminations of timber from which the portal is made are arranged to taper in
both the rafter and the post so that the depth is greatest at the knee, where the
frame tends to spread under load, and slender at the apex or ridge and the foot of
the post, where least section is required for strength and rigidity.
 Light weight roof covering on
225x50 timber purlins

20 dia bolt
30 deg slope

Laminations taper

Span 14.5 m
cramp

Cavity wall

Foot of portal frame inside cast iron shoe

Floor slab

Shoes bolted to concrete base