AC Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements:

System Design and Applications

Group members
 Muhammad Asad (CIIT/SP14-BPH-036/ISB)
 Muhammad Talha (CIIT/SP14-BPH-008/ISB)

Supervisor:
Dr. Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman
 Area of Study

Learning the methods of material

synthesis.
Types of magnetic materials and their
dependence on curie temperature.
Characterization of materials using XRD
technique.
Magnetic susceptibility of nanomaterials.
To come up with indigenous device for
the detection of magnetic susceptibility.
 Introduction
Magnetic Susceptibility:
Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless
proportionality constant that indicates the degree of
magnetization of a material in response to an applied
magnetic field.
Mathematically it is defined as:
Xm(chi)=M/H
where,
M: Magnetization of the material measured in amperes per
meter.
H: Magnetic field strength, also measured in amperes per
meter.
 Introduction
Types of materials:
1. Ferromagnetic:
The ferromagnetic materials are those
substances which exhibit strong magnetism in the
same direction of the field, when a magnetic field is
applied to it.
 Introduction

2. Dimagnetic:
Diamagnetic materials are slightly repelled by a
magnetic field and the material does not retain the
magnetic properties when the external field is
removed.
 Introduction

3. Paramagnetic:
These materials are slightly attracted by a
magnetic field and the material does not retain the
magnetic properties when the external field is
removed.
Introduction

Neel Temperature: The TN, is the

temperature above which an
antiferromagnetic material becomes
paramagnetic.
Curie Temperature: The TC is the
temperature at which certain materials lose
their permanent magnetic properties, to be
replaced by induced magnetism.
Introduction

Ferromagnetism
 Literature Review
Making of AC Susceptometer:
 Significance of magnetic susceptibility.
 Early techniques for measuring magnetic susceptibility.
 Difficulties encountered in measurements.
 Effect of temperature for various types of magnetic materials.
Material Synthesis:
 Selection of materials.
 Methods for synthesis.
 Wet chemical methods (Co-precipitation, hydrothermal, sol- gel)
 Selection of cheap and effective methods.
 Selected Methodology and
Formulation
AC Susceptometer:
Measurements of AC susceptibilities generally rely
on electromagnetic induction; the phenomenon of
production of voltage across an electrical conductor
due to its interaction with a magnetic field.
Making of a Teflon coil with the portions for
primary and secondary windings.
 Selected Methodology and
Formulation

Synthesis of Nanomaterials:
 We have used the simplified sol-gel method for
the synthesis of ferrites.
 The sol-gel method is a useful and attractive
technique for the preparation of nanosized
particles because of its advantages: good
stoichiometric control and the production of
ultrafine particles
 The sol-gel process comprises solution, gelation,
drying, and densification.
Sol-Gel Process
 Plan of Work
Literature survey Selection of materials

Design of a probe Synthesis of ferrites

for susceptibility
measurements Structural analysis of
materials
Calibration of the
device with known Checking magnetic
material response

Relation of Curie temperature

with composition for ferrites
 Work done So Far

 A Teflon coil for the detection of magnetic

susceptibility of nanomaterials.
 Primary and secondary windings of the coil.
 Formation of Zinc Ferrite (ZnFe2O4) using Sol-
Gel method.
 XRD analysis of the material made.
 Determination of crystal size.
 Dependence of crystal size with intensity.
 Density calculations.
RESULTS (XRD Analysis)
 Expected Outcomes

AC magnetic susceptometer.

Identification of magnetic materials.
Synthesis materials with improved
properties.
Determination of the Curie temperature of
prepared materials.
Next Phase