BY AREEZ ANWAR

CLASS: 8 TH CAMBRIDGE
SUBJECT: SCIENCE
MID-YEAR EXAMINATIONS
Contents of
Presentation
 Introduction

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and
motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. In early days,
electricity was considered as being unrelated to magnetism. It is a form of
energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons
or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as
a current.
Science begins with observations, and then we try to explain them. So in this chapter we will
talk about static electricity
Perhaps you have noticed the crackling of tiny sparks when you pull off a shirt or jumper as
you go to bed. {This works best with clothes made from synthetic materials like nylon and
when the air is dry.} The sparks are caused by static electricity. Lightning is another example
of static electricity, on a much larger scale. During a thunderstorm a giant spark of
electricity leaps between the cloud and the ground.
 Current electricity

An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region. An
electric current is said to exist when there is a net flow of electric charge through a
region. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by electrons moving through
a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons
such as in an ionized gas (plasma).
The SI unit of electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charge
across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. The ampere (symbol: A) is
an SI base unit Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.
Electric currents cause Joule heating, which creates light in incandescent light
bulbs. They also create magnetic fields, which are used in motors, inductors and
generators.
 Types of circuits
Series Circuit

A series circuit has only one path for electricity to flow from one point to
another. The amount of electricity in the circuit is consistent throughout any
component in the circuit. When electricity flows through a series circuit, its
rate of flow (speed) will never fluctuate. The total resistance of a series
circuit equals the sum of individual resistances. The more resistors that a
series circuit has, the more difficult it is for electrons to flow.
 Parallel circuit

A parallel circuit has multiple paths for electricity to flow from one
point to another. According to website All About Circuits, “all
components are connected between the same set of electrically
common points.” Often, resistors and sources will be connected
between two sets of electrically common points. In a parallel
circuit, electricity can flow in multiple directions horizontally and
vertically. The components of a parallel circuit will have the same
voltage across their ends and will have identical polarities.
 Parts of a circuit
Every electric circuit, regardless of where it is or how large or small it is,
has four basic parts: an energy source (AC or DC), a conductor (wire), an
electrical load (device), and at least one controller (switch).
Visualize what happens when you switch on a room light. You toggle or push a
switch to "turn on" the light. Your action causes electricity to flow (much like
water flows through a pipe) through the wires of the electrical system to the
bulb, which converts the electrical energy traveling through the wires to
visible light. The process is essentially the same for powering up a computer,
or turning on a TV, or providing the electrical power needed to start or
operate any electrical device.
 Advantages of static electricity

Static electricity has several uses, also called applications, in the real
world. One main use is in printers and photocopiers where static
electric charges attract the ink, or toner, to the paper. Other uses
include paint sprayers, air filters, and dust removal.
Disadvantages of static electricity

Static electricity can also cause damage. Some electronic chips, like the kind
that are in computers, are very sensitive to static electricity. There are
special bags to store electrical components in so they don't get destroyed by
static electricity. Also, people that work with these kinds of electronics wear
special straps that keep them "grounded" so they won't build up a static
charge and ruin the electronic components.
 Conclusion
We are surrounded by technology, innovation and happiness.
Electricity is one of the greatest technological innovations of mankind.
It has now become a part of our daily life and one cannot think of a world
without electricity.
Electricity is now an important part of homes & industries. Almost whole
the devices at homes, businesses and industries are running because of
electricity.
The primary use of electricity depends on the place where it is used and
the nature of the facility.