17

DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B
Unit 17 Participles Grammar & Usage
Grammar & Usage

Unit 17 Participles
17.1 Forming participles
17.2 Using participles
17.3 Present participles used like adverbs
17.4 Using present or past participles to explain
17.5 Forming negatives
Grammar Practice
Part A Part B Part C Part D Part E
Language Practice
Part A Part B Part C
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17.1 Forming participles Teacher’s notes
A participle is the form of a verb ending in -ing (the

present participle) or -ed, -en, etc. (the past participle).
The present participle can take different forms:
simple form perfect form
active doing having + p.p.*
passive being + p.p. having been + p.p.
* p.p. = past participle P.138

2
1 The present participle and gerund are both formed

by adding -ing to a verb, but they have different
meanings
I like swimming.
gerund (noun-like form)
Compare: a running child

participle (adjective-like form)
P.138
4
2 The past participle of most verbs is formed by

adding - ed. The past participle of some verbs is
irregular (gone, seen, found, etc.).
3 Participles can be used to do the work of a clause.

The girl wearing glasses (who is wearing
glasses) is Fred’s sister.
We call this a participle clause (also called a
participle phrase).
P.138
5
17.2 Using participles

Present and past participles can be used like adjectives.
The woman was hit by a falling object.

The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
P.138
6
1 When we use a participle phrase to qualify a noun,

we usually put it after the noun it qualifies.
The boy flying a kite over there is Jane’s
brother.
Compare: Has anybody ever seen a
flying object?
P.138
7
2 We use present and past participles in different

situations.
We use:
past participle present participle
• to describe a completed • to describe a continuous

action action
The victims looked People are running out
sadly at their burnt of the burning building.
houses.
P.138
8
past participle present participle
• for passive actions • for active actions

The lecture given was The person giving the
different to the one lecture is an expert in
advertised. that subject.
• to describe someone’s • to describe the thing or

feelings person that produces feelings
We were bored by The programme was
the programme. boring.
P.139
9
17.3 Present participles used like adverbs

These can be used:
Situation Examples
• when one action She hurt her leg (while) playing

happens in the tennis.
middle of another (= She hurt her leg while she was
playing tennis.)
We use the present participle

for the longer action.
P.139
10
Situation Examples
• for one of two He stood at the entrance of the

actions which happen theatre, waiting for his
at the same time girlfriend.
• when one action Hearing the crash, they rushed

happens immediately out to see what had happened.
after another (= We heard the crash.
Immediately after we heard it, we
rushed outside.)
P.139
11
Situation Examples
• when one action Having checked his emails,

happens before he started doing his homework.
another (we use its ( = He first checked his emails.
perfect form) Then he started doing his
homework.)
P.139
12
17.4 Using present or past participles to explain
We can use present or past participles to say why someone

does something:
Being unwell, Tony took a day off.
(= Tony was unwell, so he took a day off.)
Not knowing what to do, I asked for her advice.
(= I did not know what to do, so I asked for her
advice.)
P.139
13
If the doer of the action expressed by the participle is

different from the one expressed by the main verb, it
cannot be omitted.
It being late, she decided not to call him back.

(= As it was late, she decided not to call him
back.)
P.139
14
17.5 Forming negatives

The negative is formed by adding not to the participle
clause. ‘Not’ comes before the participle.
Not knowing her email address, Tom couldn’t
send her a get-well e-card.
(= Tom did not know her email address, so he
couldn’t send her a get-well e-card.)
P.140
15
Grammar Practice
Choose the correct words to complete these sentences. The
first one has been done for you. Teacher’s notes
P.140
16
1 We found the play interested / interesting.
2 Her son’s recent behaviour worried / worrying her.
3 The newspapers are often filled with depressed / depressing

news.
4 The police believe they have found the gun used / using in
the robbery.
P.140
18
5 Paul couldn’t find the website recommended /

recommending by his teacher.
6 More and more people are finding it difficult to cope with

rising / risen food prices.
7 The unemployment figures released / releasing yesterday

were encouraged / encouraging.
8 The audience watched / watching the show were

enthralled by the performed / performing dolphins.
P.140
19
9 Brian Catt, a rising / risen young rock star, was arrested

after police caught him driven / driving on the wrong side
of the road.
10 Official statistics show that the number of people treating /

being treated in public hospitals for brain cancer has risen.
While scientists are still divided / dividing in their opinions
about whether mobile phones cause cancer, local doctors
said electromagnetic radiation emitting / emitted during
their use cannot be ruled out as a possible cause.
P.140
20
Complete the following sentences. Use either the present or

past participle form of the verbs given in brackets. The first
two have been done for you.
P.140
21
1 The policeman jumped into the ____ freezing

______________
(freeze) water to save the child.
2 Many people in Hong Kong don't like frozen

______________
____ (freeze) meat.
3 Switch off the TV. This programme is
boring
______________
____ (bore).
4 Some of the ____ (steal) cars are believed stolen

______________
to have been smuggled out of country.
P.140-141
22
5 He felt ____ (insult) when he was told that insulted

______________
his name had been dropped from the list.

rising
______________
6 The ____ (rise) number of traffic
accidents is ____ (worry). worrying
______________
7 He found her remark at the party

insulting
______________
__________ (insult).
P.141
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8 After watching the programme for some bored

______________
time he felt ____ (bore), so he switched
off the television.
9 Her parents became ____ (worry) when worried

______________
she didn’t answer her mobile phone.
10 The actress has broken her silence over confirming

______________
her sudden marriage, ____ (confirm)
that she tied the knot with her long-time
boyfriend last week.
P.141
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Something happened to the people below. Complete the

description of what happened to them by using the correct
form of the given words. The first one has been done for
you.
P.141
25
1 change a light bulb
changing a
Tim fell off a ladder when he was _______________
light bulb.
_______________________________________________
2 cook dinner
(while) cooking dinner.

Michael burnt himself _____________________________
_______________________________________________
P.141
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3 try to catch a bus
(when/while) trying to
My sister fell and hurt herself _______________________
catch a bus.
_______________________________________________
4 cross the street
(while) crossing
An old lady was almost knocked over ________________
the street.
_______________________________________________
P.141
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5 watch a football match on TV
watching a
The old man fell asleep while _______________________
football match on TV.
_______________________________________________
6 tell us stories about her childhood
telling us stories
My grandmother burst into tears while ________________
about her childhood.
_______________________________________________
P.141-142
28
7 drive to work this morning
driving to work this

Mr Chan had an accident while _____________________
morning.
_______________________________________________
8 dig in the garden
A retired teacher discovered the ancient coins while

digging in the garden.
_______________________________________________
P.142
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Combine the following pairs of sentences. Begin each sentence

with Not + participle phrase. The first one has been done for
you as an example.
P.142
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1 She did not know what to do. She came to me for advice.
Not knowing what to do, she came to me for

_______________________________________________
advice.
_______________________________________________
2 I did not feel hungry. I did not go for a snack with them.
Not feeling hungry, I did not go for a snack with

_______________________________________________
them.
_______________________________________________
P.142
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3 Mr Kwok doesn’t have much money. He can’t afford a holiday

abroad.
Not having much money, Mr Kwok can’t afford a

_______________________________________________
holiday abroad.
_______________________________________________
4 We had not seen her for years. We hardly recognised her when
we met.
Not having seen her for years, we hardly

_______________________________________________
recognised her when we met.
_______________________________________________
P.142
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5 They were not aware of the danger. They went swimming in the
river.
Not (being) aware of the danger, they went

_______________________________________________
swimming in the river.
_______________________________________________
6 Ken has not lived here for very long. He doesn’t have many
friends yet.
Not having lived here for very long, Ken doesn’t

_______________________________________________
have many friends yet.
_______________________________________________
P.142
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7 The boy had not prepared for his lesson. He could not answer
the teacher’s question.
Not having prepared for his lesson, the boy

_______________________________________________
could not answer the teacher’s question.
_______________________________________________
8 Sarah had not been invited. She did not go to Ben’s party.
Not having been invited, Sarah did not go to

_______________________________________________
Ben’s party.
_______________________________________________
P.142
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9 Amy is not a member of the drama group. She did not have to
go to the rehearsal yesterday.
Not being a member of the drama group, Amy

_______________________________________________
did not have to go to the rehearsal yesterday.
_______________________________________________
10 He admitted that he had stolen the money. He did not want to

lie to her.
Not wanting to lie to her, he admitted that he had

_______________________________________________
stolen the money.
_______________________________________________
P.142
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Combine the following sentences into one sentence, using a

present or a past participle. The first one has been done for
you.
P.143
36
1 He felt tired. He took a rest.
Feeling tired, he took a rest.

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2 We saw the accident. We dialled 999.
Seeing the accident, we dialled 999.

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
P.143
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3 She didn’t want to leave her mother alone. She cancelled her
trip to Macau.
Not wanting to leave her mother alone, she

_______________________________________________
cancelled her trip to Macau.
_______________________________________________
4 Peter switched his mobile phone off. He started to read.
Having switched his mobile phone off, Peter

_______________________________________________
started reading.
_______________________________________________
P.143
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5 She had been to Shek O before. She agreed to act as our guide.
Having been to Shek O before, she agreed to act

_______________________________________________
as our guide.
_______________________________________________
6 I haven’t read the book. It was recommended by our teacher.
I haven’t read the book recommended by our

_______________________________________________
teacher.
_______________________________________________
P.143
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7 The bus was packed with people. The people on the bus were
tired.
The bus was packed with tired people.

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
8 The man is a successful businessman. He is giving a speech to

the students.
The man giving a speech to the students is a

_______________________________________________
successful businessman.
_______________________________________________
P.143
40
9 Ann was not there when the fight broke out. She did not know
who had started it.
Not being/having been there when the fight

_______________________________________________
broke out, Ann did not know who had started it.
_______________________________________________
10 It was a public holiday. The beach was crowded with holiday-

makers.
It being a public holiday, the beach was crowded

_______________________________________________
with holiday-makers.
___________________________________________
P.143
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Language Practice
Use the correct form of the given words to complete this
dialogue. The first one has been done for you.
P.144
42
Lillian How (1) (frustrate)! My parents tried frustrating

(1) ____________
to contact me as soon as they heard

that typhoon signal No.8 would be
jammed
hoisted, but all the lines were (2) (jam). (2) ____________
P.144
43
Paul Yes, the same thing happened to me.

The paper said that the phone
networks had to cope with 26 million
calls after the Observatory announced
it was necessary to (3) (hoist) the No.8 hoist
(3) ____________
signal.
P.144
44
Lillian I think this has happened before.

When many people try to contact their
friends and relatives at the same time,
the volume of calls (4) (cause) the (4) ____________
causes
phone networks to jam. By the way,
Paul, you look (5) (tire). Did you go tired
(5) ____________
to bed late last night?
P.144
45
Paul Yes, I didn't go to bed until about

two.
Lillian Why? What were you doing?
Paul I was reading a novel and got (6) carried

(6) ____________
(carry) away.
Lillian What were you reading?
Paul A ghost story.
P.144
46
Lillian A ghost story? Was it (7) (frighten)? frightening

(7) ____________
Paul It was more (8) (entertain) than (9) entertaining

(8) ____________
(frighten). It was about a couple frightening

(9) ____________
(10) (haunt) by the spirit of their son, haunted

(10) ____________
who was killed in a mysterious

accident.
Lillian It sounds (11) (interest)! Can I interesting

(11) ____________
borrow the book?
P.144
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Paul Sure; I didn’t know you were

(12) (interest) in ghost stories. interested
(12) ____________
Lillian I’m not, but I can't find anything

good to read at the moment and your
book sounds (13) (excite)! exciting
(13) ____________
P.144
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Complete Kitty’s email. Use ONE word which best completes

the meaning for each blank. The first one has been done for
you.
P.145
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Dear Simon
I was really pleased to (1) that you’ve passed hear

(1) ____________
your exam. I’ve finished mine, but the results

are not yet (2) . released
(2) ____________
I’ve been (3) the popular Korean TV series, watching

(3) ____________
Lost Summer Dreams. It’s about a girl

confined (4) a wheelchair after an accident, to
(4) ____________
and how she struggles to cope.
P.145
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The story is very moving and I couldn’t help (5) crying

(5) ____________
as I watched it.
Believe it or not, it was this much-acclaimed

TV series that finally took me to Sokcho,
the place (6) the girl in the story (7) up and (8) where
(6) ____________
in love. grew/grows
(7) ____________
fell/falls
(8) ____________
I made the trip last month. First I made a stop
in Seoul, where I did some shopping.
P.145
51
Then I flew to Sokcho, which is (9) 90 miles about

(9) ____________
Teacher’s notes
from Seoul. It’s beautiful beyond description!
I know you're planning a trip this summer.
Why not (10) Sokcho? You won’t regret (11) visit
(10) ____________
there. going
(11) ____________
How’s the weather? Is it still cold? We're (12) a

warm winter here. having
(12) ____________
P.145
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It’s a pity that I haven't been able to (13) the wear

(13) ____________
nice winter clothes I bought last year - they're

too warm!
That’s (14) for now. Write back soon! all/it

(14) ____________
Best wishes
Kitty
P.145
54
Decide which of the choices would best complete the blanks

in the following passage. The first one has been done for you.
P.146
55
You probably already know that there are wild boars (1) in
Hong Kong.
What you may not know is that deep in the woodlands and
high on the hillsides of Hong Kong (2) some of the
territory’s least (3) animals. Barking deer still live (4) Hong
Kong Island and leopard cats roam the New Territories.
(1) A among (2) A live

B exist B living
C inside C to live
D in D is living
P.146
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You probably already know that there are wild boars (1) in
Hong Kong.
What you may not know is that deep in the woodlands and
high on the hillsides of Hong Kong (2) some of the
territory’s least (3) animals. Barking deer still live (4) Hong
Kong Island and leopard cats roam the New Territories.
(3) A live (4) A in

B known B nearly
C exist C far
D alive D on
P.146
57
(5) to many people, there are more than a dozen types of

large mammals (6) in the territory. (7) more about these
mammals, the University of Hong Kong's Department of
Ecology and Biodiversity has proposed a territory-wide
survey of mammals.
(5) A Not knowing (6) A have found

B Not to know B living
C Unknown C are
D Unheard D been
P.146
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(5) to many people, there are more than a dozen types of

large mammals (6) in the territory. (7) more about these
mammals, the University of Hong Kong's Department of
Ecology and Biodiversity has proposed a territory-wide
survey of mammals.
(7) A To learn
B Knowing
C Known
D Wanted to learn
P.146
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The (8) survey, however, will only help (9) where the
animals live. ‘It will not help us (10) anything else,’ a senior
lecturer admitted. ‘Without (11) information about the
ecology of a species, (12) impossible to devise conservation
strategies.’
(8) A proposed (9) A find out

B undertaking B discovered
C to be taken C we know
D probably D for us to see
P.146
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strategies.’
(10) A reporting (11) A in detail

B be known B detail
C to be found C details
D learn D detailed
P.146
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strategies.’
(12) A we’re
B the people
C them
D it’s
P.146
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Another problem with (13) mammals is the costs (14) .

Nocturnal and secretive animals need to be (15)
using radio transmitter collars, which cost a
great deal of money.
(13) A studying (14) A involved

B the study B been asked
C study C to pay
D studied D bear
P.146
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Another problem with (13) mammals is the costs (14) .

Nocturnal and secretive animals need to be (15)
using radio transmitter collars, which cost a
great deal of money.
(15) A tracked
B be discovered
C finding
D being searched
P.146
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DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B

Unit 17 Participles Grammar & Usage

Grammar & Usage

17.1 Forming participles Teacher’s notes

A participle is the form of a verb ending in -ing (the

The present participle can take different forms:

simple form perfect form

active doing having + p.p.*

passive being + p.p. having been + p.p.

* p.p. = past participle P.138

1 The present participle and gerund are both formed

Compare: a running child

2 The past participle of most verbs is formed by

3 Participles can be used to do the work of a clause.

17.2 Using participles

The woman was hit by a falling object.

1 When we use a participle phrase to qualify a noun,

2 We use present and past participles in different

past participle present participle

• to describe a completed • to describe a continuous

past participle present participle

• for passive actions • for active actions

• to describe someone’s • to describe the thing or

17.3 Present participles used like adverbs

• when one action She hurt her leg (while) playing

We use the present participle

• for one of two He stood at the entrance of the

• when one action Hearing the crash, they rushed

• when one action Having checked his emails,

17.4 Using present or past participles to explain

We can use present or past participles to say why someone

If the doer of the action expressed by the participle is

It being late, she decided not to call him back.

17.5 Forming negatives

1 We found the play interested / interesting.

2 Her son’s recent behaviour worried / worrying her.

3 The newspapers are often filled with depressed / depressing

5 Paul couldn’t find the website recommended /

6 More and more people are finding it difficult to cope with

7 The unemployment figures released / releasing yesterday

8 The audience watched / watching the show were

9 Brian Catt, a rising / risen young rock star, was arrested

10 Official statistics show that the number of people treating /

Complete the following sentences. Use either the present or

1 The policeman jumped into the ____ freezing

2 Many people in Hong Kong don't like frozen

4 Some of the ____ (steal) cars are believed stolen

5 He felt ____ (insult) when he was told that insulted

his name had been dropped from the list.

7 He found her remark at the party

8 After watching the programme for some bored

9 Her parents became ____ (worry) when worried

10 The actress has broken her silence over confirming

Something happened to the people below. Complete the

1 change a light bulb

(while) cooking dinner.

3 try to catch a bus

4 cross the street

5 watch a football match on TV

6 tell us stories about her childhood

7 drive to work this morning

driving to work this

8 dig in the garden

A retired teacher discovered the ancient coins while