Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able

to:
1. Explain various volcano-related hazards;
2. Differentiate among different volcano
hazards;
3. Recognize signs of an impending volcanic
eruption;
4. Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and
5. Apply appropriate measures/interventions
before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.
is a vent at the Earth’s
surface through which
magma and associated
gases erupt, and also
the cone built by
eruptions.
The Earth's crust is made up of
huge slabs called plates, which fit
together like a jigsaw puzzle.
These plates sometimes move.
The friction causes earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions near the
edges of the plates. The theory
that explains this process is called
plate tectonics.
 Lava flow

Lahar

Ash fall Landslides

Pyroclastic flow
Mt. St. Helens: before the 1980
eruption

Bulge: plug
that is pushed
out by magma
within the
conduit.
is a rapidly-moving mixtures of
hot, dry rock fragments, ash, and
hot gases which knocks down,
buries or burns everything in its
path. Pyroclastic flows can reach
temperatures as high as 1,300
degrees Fahrenheit (700 degree
Celsius)
are fragments of volcanic rock and
lava that are blasted into the air by
explosions or carried upwards by
hot gases in eruption columns or
lava fountains.
are fragments of volcanic rock and
lava that are blasted into the air by
explosions or carried upwards by
hot gases in eruption columns or
lava fountains.
are fragments of volcanic rock and
lava that are blasted into the air by
explosions or carried upwards by
hot gases in eruption columns or
lava fountains.
•Gravitational force
“pulls” unstable
material down slope
•Fills canyons and
valleys with debris
•In the case of Mt. St. Helens,
the landslide “uncorked” the
vent.
•Gas and debris were
released under tremendous
force
•Burns and destroys anything
in its path
Gravitational force
pulls hot gas and
pyroclastic debris
down slope from the
initial vertical eruption.
If the initial eruption is
vertical the force sends
debris into the
stratosphere
If the initial eruption is
vertical the force sends
debris into the
stratosphere
•Global temperatures fell
•Crops failed throughout
Europe and famine spread
•Mary Shelly told her
house guests the story of
Frankenstein and his
creator died in the arctic
because they were unable
to go outside during their
vacation
•Acts as an abrasive
•Clogs machinery, covers Photomicrograph of ash from the Mt.
vegetation, irritates lungs and Tehama eruption (Lassen Peak)
eyes

Ash deposited associated with the

eruption of the Long Valley Caldera
•Located on the North
Atlantic mid-oceanic ridge
•Hot spot
•What type of lava?
•Viscosity?
•Eruptive style?