GENETIC

S
 Objectives
01 DEFINITION OF GENETICS

02 MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

03 SEX LINKAGE
CENTRAL DOGMA OF
04 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
05 RECOMBINANT DNA
GENETICS
 HEREDITARY CHARACTERS
MORPHOLOGICAL - THOSE THAT REFER TO
STRUCTURE/FORM SUCH AS SHAPE,
LENGTH, OR COLOR OF BODY PARTS.
PHYSIOLOGICAL - THOSE THAT REFER TO FUNCTIONS
OF PARTS, SUCH AS ROLLING OF THE
TONGUE, COLOR VISION.
BEHAVIORAL - EXTERNALLY DIRECTED ACTIVITIES IN
RESPONSE TO STIMULI. INSTINCT
SUCH AS CRYING & THUMB SUCKING IN
BABIES.
SEXUAL - THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH BEING
MALE OR FEMALE. SUCH AS GENITALIA,
HAIR GROWTH, CHANGE IN VOICE
 SELF - CHECK

1. MOUSTACHE 2. LACTOSE
INTOLERANCE

3. BIRD 4.
MIGRATION HITCHHIKER’S
THUMB
 MENDEL’S
EXPERIMENTS
 GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
- AN AUSTRIAN MONK AND
BOTANIST
- FATHER OF CLASSICAL
GENETICS.
- BORN IN HEINZENDORF,
MORAVIA IN AUSTRIA
- 1844, HE JOINED THE
AUGUSTINIAN MONASTERY
OF ST. THOMAS AT BRUNN,
AUSTRIA. (NOW BRNO, THE
CZECH REPUBLIC) AT THE
AGE OF 22
WHY DID MENDEL
SELECT GARDEN PEAS
FOR HIS EXPERIMENTS?
- Several characters that exhibit
two contrasting
expressions/traits.
- Garden pea plants reproduce
at a fast rate.
- Garden pea flowers are
structurally adapted for self –
pollination.
 MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT:

STARTING WITH PURE TALL PLANTS

& SHORT PLANTS, MENDEL PERFORMED
ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION.

ANY CROSS BETWEEN A PURE TALL

PLANT & A PURE SHORT PLANT
PRODUCED ONLY TALL PLANTS
 MENDELIAN
PRINCIPLES OF
INHERITANCE
- ALLELES – DIFFERENT
FORMS OF THE GENE.
- Y (YELLOW COLOR)
- y (green color)
- YY or yy

- Phenotype – organism’s
traits
- Genotype – genetic
makeup
 SELF - CHECK
1. AA
2. Rr
3. aaBB
4. MmNN
5. PpQq
 LAW OF DOMINANCE

- WHEN PURE PARENTS WITH

OPPOSITE TRAITS ARE MATED,
THE FIRST GENERATION SHOWS
ONLY 1 TRAIT (DOMINANT), THE
OTHER TRAIT (RECESSIVE) IS
HIDDEN.
 LAW OF SEGREGATION

- WHEN HYBRIDS ARE

CROSSED, THE OPPOSITE
TRAITS ARE SEPARATED INTO
DIFFERENT OFFSPRING IN A
RATIO OF ¾ DOMINANT TO ¼
RECESSIVE.
 LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT

- TRAITS ARE INHERITED

INDEPENDENTLY OF ONE
ANOTHER.
 D.I.Y

- Widow’s peak (S) is dominant

over straight hair line (s). Given
that the mother has
heterozygous gene pair for
widow’s peak & the father has
straight hairline.
- Answer the ff. questions
EXTENSIONS OF MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE
 INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE &
CODOMINANCE
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

-Are you familiar with the four

o’clock flower?

- Locally called, rosas de alas

cuatro
- Mirabilis jalapa
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

- A biologist cross-pollinated a
red-flower with a white-flower.
Then the seeds from the
flowers produced were
planted. When they grew,
they produced flower neither
red nor white but pink.
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
- A heterozygous
individual does not
express any one of the
two contrasting traits;
instead, an intermediate
trait appears.
 CODOMINANCE
- Two contrasting
alleles in a
heterozygous gene
pair are equally
expressed.
C - Speckled chicken
O
D
O - BB – Black chicken
M
I - WW – White chicken
N
A
N - All offspring are both
C
E black and white
 POLYGENES/
MULTIPLE GENES
M - Later geneticists found
that certain traits were A
U
controlled by more than L
L
two alleles. When more L
T
than two alleles control E
I
the inheritance of a L
P
character, the character E
L
expression is called, S
E
 - The blood groups
B were first discovered T
L in 1900 by Karl Y
O Landsteiner- An P
O Austrian physician. E
D - Interested in devising S
a method for
 GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

B ,i Blood type A T
L Y
O ,i Blood type B
P
O Blood type AB E
D S
ii Blood type O
 Sample Problem:
1. Given that the both bride
B and the groom have blood T
L type AB. Y
O a) What is the genotype of
P
each?
O E
b) Predict the genotypic ratio
D and phenotypic ratio of S
the children produced by
 1. How many genotypes are
possible for a person with
blood type A? what are C
S they? H
E 2. What is the phenotype of a E
L person with genotype C
F Which one is dominant, K
the trait or the i trait?
3. What is the phenotype
HOW IS SEX
DETERMINED
?
 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS
OF CHANGES IN SEX
CHROMOSOME
NUMBER?
• Sometimes, the sex chromosomes, whether
XX or XY, become too tightly bound
together that they fail to separate during
cell division – nondisjunction
• These syndromes demonstrate that
“too much or too little is not good”
• Turner Syndrome (44X0) – female,
short, stocky, with broad but flat
chest, underdeveloped ovaries,
oviducts and uterus, low to normal
intelligence, weak in math and
space perception, can live fairly
normal life with hormone
supplements 42
43
• Poly-X female – (44XXX – 47) –
female with three or more X
chromosomes, tall, thin, delayed
language development; those with
more than 3Xs severely mentally
retarded, regular menstruation,
fertile
44
45
• Klinefelter Syndrome – (44XXY) – male,
tall, thin, long arms and legs, large
hands and feet, underdeveloped testes,
developed breast, no facial hairs, slow
learner but not mentally retarded,
sterile but not impotent, fairly normal
life with hormone supplements

46
47
• Jacobs Syndrome – (44XYY) – male, tall,
persistent acne, with speech and
reading problems, below average
intelligence, fertile

• Lethal – (44YO) – no human can survive

without an X chromosome
48