Group IX :

NENI WINARTI
PUTRI MAHARANI
 The part of linguistic knowledge which
concerns the structure of words.
 Grammatical : Combination or string of
morphemes are permitted by syintactic rules
E.g : Last night John was making the baby cry

 Ungrammatical : Combination or string of

morphemes are not permitted by syintactic
rules .
E.g : last night john was crying the baby.
 Four Views of Grammar
Grammar as:
– A description of syntactic structure
– Prescriptions for how to use structure and
words
– Rhetorically effective use of syntactic
structures
– The functional command of sentence
structure that enables use to comprehend
and produce language.
1. The ‘’grammaticality’’ of sentences
2. The ordering of words and morphemes
3. Our knowledge of structural ambiguity
4. Our knowledge that sentence may be
paraphrase of each other
5. Our knowledge of the grammatical function
of each part of sentence
6. Spakers ability to produce and understand
an infinite set of possible sentences
 Ambiguity (Double Meaning)
Ex. synthetic buffalo hides
synthetic (buffalo hides)
(synthetic buffalo) hides
 Grammatical Relations and how they are
understood
Ex. Mary hired Bill.
Bill hired Mary.
Bill was hired by Mary
The TREE DIAGRAM
 Root (entire sentence)

 Leaves (individual words)

 Hierarchical structure (groupings)

 Constituent structures
Noun • Adjectives • Adverbs • Verbs
• Preposition • Conjunction • Articles
• Numeral • Quantifiers • Interjections
 QUESTION RULE ( first tentative version )
To form a yes /no question from its
responding declarative sentence ,move the
second word of the sentence to the beginning
of the sentence
Disa can dance. Can Disa dance?
1 2 3 2 1 3
 The rule not work to all cases ,e.g.
The girl is taking ballet lesson.
Girl the is taking ballet lesson? X
(become ungrammatical
sentence )
 To form yes /no question from the
corresponding declarative sentence move the
first verb sentence to the beginning of the
sentence.
 E.g : The girl is taking ballet lesson.
Is the girl taking ballet lesson?
 Of beacause Complexity of the sentence ,so
this rule not work to all sentence.
E.g: The girl who loves John is pretty.
Loves is the girl who john is pretty?
To form negative sentence from positive
sentence , insert word not after the first verb.
E.g : - The girl is taking the ballet lesson
The girl is not taking the ballet lesson
- She has already bathed the dog.
She has not already bath the dog
 To form a yes /no question from the
corresponding declarative sentence ,move the
first verb of the highest S (S1 or main
sentence) immediately before the first NP of
that sentence.
e.g: The girl who loves John is pretty . (+)
Is the girl who loves John pretty?
The girl who loves John is not pretty. (-)

NEGATIVE RULE (second tentative version )

To form negative sentence from the corresponding
positive sentence ,insert the word not after the first
verb of the highest or main sentence.
e.g: Santa Lucia will give toys to the children.
Will Santa Lucia give toys to the children? (?)
Santa Lucia Will not give toys to the children. (-)
 QUESTION RULE (fourth version )
To form a yes /no qestion from the corresponding declarative
sentence move the first auxilary verb of the highest S (main
sentence ) immediately before the first NP of that sentence.
E.g : Santa Lucia will give toys to the children. (+)
Does Santa Lucia give toys to the children? (?)

 NEGATIVE RULE (third version)

To form a negative sentencence from the corresponding
positive sentence ,insert the word not after the first auxiliary
verb of the highest or main sentence.
e.g : Santa Lucia will give toys to the children. (+)
Santa Lucia doesnot give toys to the children . (-)