Critical Content in

Physical Science

Limiting Reagents and

Percent Yield
REY D. ARBOLONIO
 Let’s Recall (ELICIT)

Recall the major types of stoichiometry

problems.
 Mole-mole problem
 Mass-mole problem
 Mass-mass problem
 Volume-mass
 Volume-volume
3 idiots (ENGAGE)
3 idiots

Working
collaboratively
provides learning
opportunities.
 Let’s Recall (ENGAGE/ELICIT)

Group of three (assign a number in your

group member)
Member 1-identify the reactant and product
Member 2- write the balance equation
Member 3- write the word equation
NH3 + O2  H2O + NO
 Check your answer

4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO

 4 moles of ammonia and 5 moles of oxygen

gas react together to yield 6 moles of water
4 moles of nitrogen oxide.
 What is your shape?

Find your groupmates

according to color and shape
(same color and same shape).

Let’s try some more!

 Contextualization

Contextualization is when we help students

gain a deeper understanding of a subject
matter by relating the material to meaningful
situations that students encounter in real life.
Paalam… Adios Cardo..

Cardo Dalisay was found dead in

their house. You are a forensic
scientist assigned to investigate a
murder involving poison. The
victim was poisoned with
compound called di-chloro benzene
whose formula is C6H4Cl2. Autopsy
results show that the victim’s body
contained about 31 g of the poison,
but the actual amount could have
been slightly higher due to tissue
absorption.
Paalam… Adios Cardo..

The main suspect is his ex-girlfriend, Rhian

Bonifacio.

During your investigation, Jade Flores-Bartolome

revealed that Rhian Bonifacio purchased 15 g of
benzene (C6H6) two days before the murder.
 Paalam… Adios Cardo..
Benzene is one of the compounds used to make the poison, but
she claims she was using it to make ethyl benzene (C6H5CH3), an
innocuous (harmless) compound, for use in her laboratory project. She
shows you the bottle of ethyl benzene she claims to have made. It
contains 25 grams of ethyl benzene.
Is she telling the truth or did she have more nefarious (evil)
motives? If you can show that it is possible to produce 25 g of ethyl
benzene from 15 grams of benzene, then she was telling the truth.
Otherwise, you will have caught her in a lie, which makes it likely she killed
her ex-boyfriend with the poison. After extensive research in the literature,
you find the two reactions related to this case.
To produce di-chloro benzene, the reaction is:
Cl2 + C6H6 → C6H4Cl2 + H2
To produce ethyl benzene, the reaction is:
CH4 + C6H6 → C6H5CH3 + H2
 GRASPS
G-goal
R-role
A-audience
S-situation
P-product/Performance
S-standards and Criteria for Success

ACTIVITY
 Check Your Answer
Upon solving the stoichiometric case, the following data were
obtained.

Only 17.7 g of ethyl benzene is produced from 15 g of

benzene. Therefore, the wife is not telling the truth. Further
investigation must be conducted in order to find out whether
the wife is innocent or a murder.
In this case scenario, we’ve learned that our knowledge
in stoichiometry is very much helpful in solving crimes. If we
want to pursue a career as a forensic scientist or criminologist
we should be knowledgeable about Mass relationships in
Chemical reaction.
Let’s Think (Option 1)
ANALOGY

 What is the limiting

ingredient?
Bread
 What is/are the excess?
ham and cheese
 How many complete
sandwiches
2 sandwiches
Limiting Reagents
and
Percent Yield
 Objectives
1. Identify the limiting reactants, in a chemical
equation.
2. Determine the excess reactant and amount
produced.
3. Calculate limiting reactant problem.
4. Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the
reaction.
5. Appreciate mass relationships in chemical
reactions using real-life examples.
 Let’s Think (Option 2)
Stoichiometry Recipe
Using, the Tablet Computer, open the
Document folder and select for an html file with a file
name: reactants-products-and-leftovers. The html file
is a Phet Simulation. Now, you are going to create
your own sandwich and then see how many
sandwiches you can make with the different
reactions.
pHet Sims: Reactants, Products & Leftovers
 Let’s Think (Option 3)

SANDWHICH GAME QUIZ BOWL

 Let’s Engage

What is the color of your card?

Same letter but different color

 Let’s think!

1. What is Limiting Reagent

or Reactant?
2. What is Excess Reagent
or Reactant?
 What is Limiting Reagents?

 Limiting reagent: limits or determines the

amount of product that can be formed in a
reaction; the reaction occurs only until the
limiting reagent is used up
 Excess reagent: reactant that is not
completely used up in the reaction
 Analogy #2
What is the greatest amount of bread that can be
made with 6 cups of flour and 3 cups of water? If
these were a chemical reaction what would be the
limiting reactant? Which reactant is excess? And how
much is left over?
3 cups flour + 1 cup water 5 bread rolls
 Analogy #2
What is the greatest amount of bread that can be made with 6
cups of flour and 3 cups of water? If these were a chemical
reaction what would be the limiting reactant? Which reactant
is excess? And how much is left over?
3 cups flour + 1 cup water 5 bread rolls
Flour is the Limiting Reactant
Water is the excess Reactant
Note:
Limiting Reactant often is not the reactant you have
the least of. Instead, it’s the first reactant to run out
during reaction.
 Sample Problem
Determine the limiting reactant when 3.2 moles N2
and 5.4 moles of H2 react to produce NH3.
N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
Steps:
1. Begin by writing a correctly balanced chemical equation
2. For each reactant, calculate the amount of product
formed.
3. Smaller answer indicates:
limiting reactant
amount of product
 Sample Problem
Determine the limiting reactant when 3.2 moles N2 and 5.4
moles of H2 react to produce NH3.
N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
Steps:
1. Begin by writing a correctly balanced chemical equation
2. For each reactant, calculate the amount of product
formed. 3 mol H2
3.2 mol N2 x
1 mol N2 = 9.6 mol H2
3. Smaller answer indicates:5.4 mol H x
1 mol N2 = 1.8 mol N
2 2
limiting reactant 3 mol H2
amount of product
Data Extraction
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of NH3 (in moles) that can be
made with 3.2 moles N2 and 5.4 moles of H2?What is the
limiting rectant? Which is in excess, and how many moles
of it are left over?
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
1. What is the limiting reactant?
2. What is the greatest amount of NH3?
3. What is the excess?
4. How many moles of it are left over?
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of NH3 (in moles) that can be
made with 3.2 moles N2 and 5.4 moles of H2?What is the
limiting rectant? Which is in excess, and how many moles
of it are left over?
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
1. What is the limiting reactant?
Approach: Examine the amount of reactants
available for the reaction and initially assumes as
the limiting reagent.
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of NH3 (in moles) that can be
made with 3.2 moles N2 and 5.4 moles of H2?What is the
limiting rectant? Which is in excess, and how many moles
of it are left over?
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 If we have 3.2 mol N2,
we need 9.6 moles H2,
thus, H2 is the reactant to run out.
What is the limiting reactant?
3 mol H2 H2 is the limiting reactant
3.2 mol N2x = 9.6 mol H2
1 mol N2
1 mol N2
5.4 mol H2 x = 1.8 mol N2
3 mol H2
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of NH3 (in moles) that can be
made with 3.2 moles N2 and 5.4 moles of H2?What is the
limiting rectant? Which is in excess, and how many moles
of it are left over?
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
What is the greatest amount of NH3
Can be made?
2 mol NH3
5.4 mol H2 x = 3.6 mol NH3
3 mol H2
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of NH3 (in moles) that can be
made with 3.2 moles N2 and 5.4 moles of H2?What is the
limiting rectant? Which is in excess, and how many moles
of it are left over?
N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
What is the excess?
H2
How many moles of it are left over?
Excess Reactant=Total Reactant-Reactant Used

3.2 mol N2 – 1.8 mol N2 = 1.4 mol N3

 Problem Solving

 What is the greatest amount of MgO (in

moles) that can be made with 7.8 moles of
Mg and 4.7 moles of O2? Which is the
limiting reactant? Which is excess, and how
many of it are left over?
2Mg + O2 2 MgO
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of MgO (in moles) that can be
made with 7.8 moles of Mg and 4.7 moles of O2? Which is
the limiting reactant? Which is excess, and how many of it
are left over?
2Mg + O2 2 MgO
Analysis: There are 7.8 moles of Mg and 4.7 moles of O2.
Questions:
1. To use all of Mg, how many moles of O2 do we need?
2. To use all of O2, how many moles of Mg do we need?
The first reactant that we run out of is the Limiting Reactant
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of MgO (in moles) that can be
made with 7.8 moles of Mg and 4.7 moles of O2? Which is
the limiting reactant? Which is excess, and how many of it
are left over?
2Mg + O2 2 MgO
1 mol O2
7.8 moles Mg x = 3.9 moles O2
2 moles Mg
4.7 moles O2 x 2 moles Mg = 9.4 moles Mg
1 mol O2
We could say that : we have enough O2 to use all of the Mg,
but we don’t have enough Mg to use all of the O2. Therefore:
Mg is the limiting reactant
 Sample Problem
What is the greatest amount of MgO (in moles) that can be
made with 7.8 moles of Mg and 4.7 moles of O2? Which is
the limiting reactant? Which is excess, and how many of it
are left over?
2Mg + O2 2 MgO
What is the greatest amount can be made?
1 moles MgO
7.8 moles Mg x = 7.8 moles MgO
2 moles Mg greatest amount is the 7.8 MgO
How much amount of O2 do we need to combine with the
maximum amount Mg?
 Sample Problem
 What is the greatest amount of MgO (in moles) that can be
made with 7.8 moles of Mg and 4.7 moles of O2? Which is
the limiting reactant? Which is excess, and how many of it
are left over?
2Mg + O2 2 MgO
Which reactant is excess and how many of it are left
over?
Excess Reactant=Total Reactant-Reactant Used

4.7 moles O2 – 3.9 moles O2 = 0.8 moles O2

 Abstraction
 Limiting reactant: reactant that limits the amount
of product in a chemical reaction.
 The quantities the of the products formed in a
reaction are always determined by the limiting
reactant.
 Limiting Reactant often is not the reactant you
have the least of. Instead, it’s the first reactant to
run out during reaction.
 Excess reagent: reactant that is not completely
used up in the reaction
Application

How antacid works in our

stomach?
 Application

 An antacid tablet dropped into a glass of

water produces a characteristic trail of
bubbles. The tablets effectiveness results
from a reaction between sodium bicarbonate
and citric acid. How can you determine
which ingredient is the limiting reactant?
ASSESSMENT
 Assessment

1. Identify the limiting reactant 1.7 g of sodium

reacts with 2.6 Lof chlorine gas at STP to
prouce sodium chloride.
Percent Yield
 Calculating Percent Yield

 Calcium carbonate is decomposed by

heating, as shown in the following equation

 What is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8

g CaCO3 is heated?
 What is the percent yield if 13.1 g CaO is
produced?
 Calculating Percent Yield

 The theoretical yield can be calculated using

the mass of the reactant (mole ratio)
 Calculating Percent Yield

 Percent yield can then be calculated using

the equation, now that you know the
theoretical and are given the actual yield or
experimental yield
percent yield = actual yield X 100%
theoretical yield
 Calculating Percent Yield

 When 84.8 g of iron (III) oxide reacts with an

excess of carbon monoxide, 54.3 g of iron is
produced

 What is the percent yield of this reaction?

 Calculating Percent Yield

 You are given the actual yield; you now must

calculate the theoretical yield
 Assignment/Agreement
 An antacid tablet dropped into a glass of water produces a
characteristic trail of bubbles. The tablets effectiveness
results from a reaction between sodium bicarbonate and
citric acid. How can you determine which ingredient is the
limiting reactant?
 Calcium carbonate is decomposed by heating, as shown in
the following equation
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
What is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8 g CaCO3 is
heated? What is the percent yield if 13.1 g CaO is produced?
 Assignment/Agreement

 Consider the production of phosphorus

trichloride from phosphorus and chlorine.
P4 + 6 Cl2 4PCl3
 If 25. 0 grams of P4 and 25. 0 grams Cl2 are
used up in the reaction, which is the limiting
and excess reagent? What is the theoretical
yield of reaction?
 Take Home Message
Pay attention to the following concerns (Problems normally
encountered by students)
Difficulties in learning stoichiometry – concept of mole and limiting
reagent
Problem with reactant ratios – they have to understand that the
quantitites to be taken into account are amounts of matter that
implies the use of the mole concept.
Balancing equations – writing a balanced equation and in
interpreting correctly stoichiometric coefficients provides the
basis of success in solving problems.

53
 We end here…

To dream has no limit. But

dreaming is not enough, we need
to wake up and make our dreams
into a dazzling reality.
-Sir Rey
We end here…

Thank You
 Limiting Reagents
 You have 18 cars bodies and 43 tires. How many
cars could you build?
 You have 23 pieces of bread, 18 pieces of ham,
and 29 pieces of cheese. How many ham and
cheese sandwiches could you make?
 You need 20mL of chocolate syrup and 250mL of
milk to make one glass of chocolate milk. If you
had 433ml of chocolate syrup and 4987mL of milk,
how many glasses of chocolate milk could you
make?
 Limiting Reagents

 What is a limiting reagent?

 When you go to the candy store and you

want to buy 100 red fish for 1 cent each, but
you only have 80 cents. Your limiting
reagent for this transaction is your 80 cents.
 Limiting Reagents

 Limiting reagent: limits or determines the

amount of product that can be formed in a
reaction; the reaction occurs only until the
limiting reagent is used up
 Excess reagent: reactant that is not
completely used up in the reaction
 Limiting Reagents

 Sodium chloride can be prepared by the

reaction of sodium metal with chlorine gas

 Suppose that 6.70 mol Na reacts with 3.20 mol

Cl2
 What is the limiting reagent?
 How many moles of NaCl are produced?
 Limiting Reagents

 The known amount of one of the reactants is

multiplied by the mole ratio from the
balanced equation to calculate the required
amount of the other reactant. Sodium is
chosen arbitrarily here
 Limiting Reagents

 This calculation indicates that 3.35 mol Cl2 is

needed to react with 6.70 mol Na. Because
only 3.20 mol Cl2 is available, however,
chlorine becomes the limiting reagent.
Sodium, then, must be in excess.
 Limiting Reagents

 The properties of copper(I) sulfide are very

different from the properties of the
elements copper and sulfur

 What is the limiting reagent when 80.0 g

Cu reacts with 25.0 g S?
 What is the maximum number of grams of
Cu2S that can be formed?
 Limiting Reagents

 The number of moles of each reactant must

first be found. The balanced equation is
used to calculate the number of moles of
one reactant needed to react with the given
amount of the other reactant
 Limiting Reagents

 Now you need to determine your limiting

reagent based on your given amounts
(remember, it doesn’t matter which one you
choose)
 Limiting Reagents

 Comparing the amount of sulfur needed

(0.630 mol S) with the given amount (0.779
mol S) indicates that sulfur is in excess.
Thus copper is the limiting reagent
 You always use the limiting reagent to
determine the maximum amount of product
(in this case, Cu2S)
 Try this!
Stoichiometry Question (1)
4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO

 How many moles of H2O are produced if

2.00 moles of O2 are used?
6 mol H2O
2.00 mol O2 = 2.40 mol H2O
5 mol O2

Notice that a correctly balanced equation is

essential to get the right answer