Geotech

FE: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Topics
2
 Weight Volume relations

 Permeability and flow net
 Effective stress
 Vertical stresses under foundations
 Consolidation
Weight and volume relations
3
Question 1:
4
5
6
Permeability and Flow Net
7
 For the flow net shown, what is the number of

incremental head drops Nd? What is the number of flow
channels Nf?
 Calculate the pore water pressure u at points I, J and K.
 What is the total flow rate q (m3/s per meter
perpendicular to the figure)? The hydraulic conductivity
K of the sand is equal to 10-4m/s.
8
9
 Number of incremental head losses = 11

 Number of flow tubes = 4
 Drop per equipotential line = (39-30)/11
Pore water pressure = (upstream head – drop in head – Elevation head) unit weight of water.
10
 Number of incremental head losses = 11

 Number of flow tubes = 4
 u @ I = æçè 39 - 2 ´ 119 -15ö÷ø ´ 9.81 = 219.4kPa
æ ö
 u @ J = ç 39 - 6 ´ -11.4÷ ´ 9.81 = 222.6kPa
9
è 11 ø
 u @ K = æç 39 - 10 ´ 9 -19.5ö÷ ´ 9.81 = 111.0kPa
è 11 ø
Nf 4
q= K H = 10-4 ´ ´ 9 = 3.27 ´ 10-4 m3 / s / m
Nd 11
Effective Stress
11
 The soil profile shown in the figure

consists of two soil layers with different
dry densities. The average degree of
saturation of soil A is 30%. The water Dry density = 17 kN/m3
table is at 2m depth. Assume that the
specific gravity is equal to 2.7 for both
soils. Calculate the following values for
both soils:
 Total vertical stress at P and O Dry density = 18 kN/m3
 Pore water pressures u at P and O
 Effective stress at P and O
Effective stress
12
 Concept
 Effective stress controls the deformation of the soil
 It is defined as the difference of total stress and pore
water pressure
  u
Pore
water
pressure
Effective Total
stress stress
Effective Stress
13
 Total stress at P
 Wet unit weight of soil × depth of soil layer
 Wet unit weight of soil
 dry unit weight × (1 + Water content)
 Water content can be obtained from: Unit weight of water (9.81)
Saturation (0.3)
Specific gravity (2.7)
Gs w
Gs  wc  S  e e 1
Void ratio (0.56) d
Water content (?) Dry unit weight of Soil (17)
wc = 0.0622
Effective Stress
14
 dryunit weight × (1 + Water content)
 17 × (1+0.0622) = 18.06 kN/m3
Effective Stress
15
 18.06 × 2 = 36.12 kN/m2
 Pore water pressure at P = 0 Dry density = 17 kN/m3
 Effective stress at P
 Totalstress - Pore water pressure
 36.12 – 0 = 36.12 kN/m2 Dry density = 18 kN/m3
Effective Stress
16
 Effective stress at O
Total stress from Soil A

Dry density = 17 kN/m3
Total stress from Soil B

Pore water pressure
from water table
Dry density = 18 kN/m3
  u
Pore
water
pressure
Effective Total
stress stress
Effective Stress
17
 Total stress at O
 Wet unit weight of soil × depth of soil layers (A & B)
 Wet unit weight of soil B
 dry unit weight × (1 + Water content)
 Water content can be obtained from: Unit weight of water (9.81)
Saturation (1.0)
Specific gravity (2.7)
Gs w
Gs  wc  S  e e 1
Void ratio (0.47) d
Water content (?) Dry unit weight of Soil (18)
wc = 0.17
Effective Stress
18
 Total stress at O due to soil B

 Wet unit weight of soil B × depth of soil layer B
 dryunit weight × (1 + Water content)
 18 × (1+0.17) = 21.06 kN/m3
Effective Stress
19
 Total stress at O
 Wet unit weight of soil × depth of soil layer (A & B)
 36.12 + 21.06 × 3 = 99.3 kN/m2
 Pore water pressure at O = 3 × 9.81 = 29.43 kN/m2
 Effective stress at O Dry density = 17 kN/m3
 Total stress - Pore water pressure

 99.3 – 29.43 = 69.87 kN/m2 Dry density = 18 kN/m3
Vertical Stresses under Foundation
20
 If a 200 kN load is applied on a square foundation

with dimension of 2X2 m, located at top of soil
surface, what would be the increase in stress at 5 m
depth of soil?
21
200 kN
0.5 2m
2m
5m 5m
5m
2.5 m 2.5 m
7m
22
200 kN
2m
2m
5m
7m
7m
23
 Load = 200 kN
 Area at depth of 5 m = 7 X 7 m2 = 49 m2
 Stress at depth of 5 m:
 Load / Area at depth of 7 m = 200/49
 Stress = 4.08 kN/m2
Consolidation
24
 Estimate the change in thickness of a layer of NC clay

shown in the figure (next slide) after application of a
uniform surcharge of 150 psf.
 Cc=0.4
 The specific gravity of clay particles is 2.75
 Water content = 28%
 Saturation = 100%
 If cv= 0.1 ft2/day , then determine the time required
for 50% consolidation
Surcharge = 1000 lb/ft2
2 ft Sand sat=110 lb/ft3
8 ft Normally consolidated clay

sat=110 lb/ft3
Sand
25
Consolidation
26
 Concepts:
 The process by which settlement happens is called
consolidation:
 Saturated soils are made up of the solid particles and pores filled
with water
 When load is applied, it is completely taken by the water in the pores
 This causes the pore water pressure to rise
 Pore water wants to loose this excess pressure so it starts to flow out
 As pore water flows out (and pre water pressure decreases), the soil
settles
Consolidation
27
 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 Calculate initial void ratio of clay layer
 Calculate initial effective stress at center of clay layer
clay layer before application of load
 Calculate final effective stress at center of clay layer
after application of load
 Use consolidation formula to calculate strain
 Calculate change in height from calculated strain
Consolidation
28
 Calculate initial void ratio of clay layer

 Gs = 2.75
 wc= 28%
Gs  wc  S  e
 S (saturation) = 100%
e = 0.77
Consolidation
29

Consolidation
30
 Calculate initial effective stress at center of clay layer

2 ft Sand sat=110 lb/ft3 2 ft
6 ft 4 ft
sat=110 lb/ft3
Sand
Consolidation
31
 Effective stress at center of clay layer at start:

 Total stress from sand layer = 110  2 = 220 psf
 Total stress from clay layer = 110  4 = 440 psf
 Stress from pore water (pore water pressure)

u = 62  6 = 372 psf
  u
Pore
water
pressure
Effective Total
stress stress
Effective stress = (220 + 440) – 372 = 288 psf

Consolidation
32

Consolidation
33
 Effective stress at center of clay layer after

application of load:
Surcharge = 1000 lb/ft2

sat=110 lb/ft3
Sand
Consolidation
34
 Effective stress at center of clay layer after

application of load:
 1000 psf (surcharge) + effective stress at start
 1000 + 288 = 1288 psf
Consolidation
35

Consolidation
36
 Consolidation formula Effective stress at

center of clay layer
0.4
at start (288 psf)
Cc  0'
   log10 '
1  e0 f
Effective stress at
0.77
center of clay layer
after application of
  0.17
surcharge (1288 psf)
Consolidation
37

Consolidation
38
 Change in height
0.17
H
 
H
8 ft
H  0.17  8  1.36 ft
Consolidation
39

Consolidation
40
 If cv= 0.1 ft2/day , then determine the time

required for 50% consolidation
 Steps:
 Figure out if clay layer has single or double drainage
 Use formula to calculate Tv (time factor)
 Use proper formula
 From Tv calculate t (time)
Consolidation
41
 Single or double drainage
8 ft Normally consolidated clay Double

sat=110 lb/ft3 drainage
Sand
Consolidation
42
 Steps:
Consolidation
43
 Calculation of time factor

% consolidation in decimal (0.5)

Tv  U2 U < 0.526
4
Tv  0.933  log10 (1  U )  0.085 U > 0.526
Tv = 0.19625
Consolidation
44
 Steps:
Consolidation
45
 From Tv calculate t (time)

Drainage height (8ft/2 = 4ft)
Tv H 2
t
cv
Coefficient of consolidation
(0.1 ft2/day)
t = 31.4 days
46 Questions ?

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FE: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

 Weight Volume relations

 For the flow net shown, what is the number of

 Number of incremental head losses = 11

 Number of incremental head losses = 11

 The soil profile shown in the figure

Total stress from Soil A

Total stress from Soil B

 Total stress at O due to soil B

 Total stress - Pore water pressure

 If a 200 kN load is applied on a square foundation

 Estimate the change in thickness of a layer of NC clay

2 ft Sand sat=110 lb/ft3

8 ft Normally consolidated clay

 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 Calculate initial void ratio of clay layer

 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 Calculate initial effective stress at center of clay layer

2 ft Sand sat=110 lb/ft3 2 ft

 Effective stress at center of clay layer at start:

 Stress from pore water (pore water pressure)

Effective stress = (220 + 440) – 372 = 288 psf

 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 Effective stress at center of clay layer after

2 ft Sand sat=110 lb/ft3

8 ft Normally consolidated clay

 Effective stress at center of clay layer after

 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 Consolidation formula Effective stress at

 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 Steps of calculation of change in layer thickness:

 If cv= 0.1 ft2/day , then determine the time

 Single or double drainage

2 ft Sand sat=110 lb/ft3

8 ft Normally consolidated clay Double

 Calculation of time factor

Tv  0.933  log10 (1  U )  0.085 U > 0.526

 From Tv calculate t (time)

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