Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra –

Part 1

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 Course Objectives
Control systems design using:
 Non-programable solutions
 Electronic combinational circuit.
 Electronic Sequential circuit.

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 Course Objectives
Control systems design using:
 Programable solutions
 Microprocessor and Microcontroller.
 PLC (Programable Logic Controller)/
 DCS (Distributed Control Systems).

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 Part 1: Objectives
 Three basic logic operations: AND, OR, NOT
 Operation of logic circuits and construction of truth tables
 Timing diagrams for the various logic-circuit gates
 Boolean expression for the logic circuits
 Implement logic circuits using AND, OR, NOT
 Simplify logic expressions
 DeMorgan’s theorem
 Using NAND or NOR to implement a circuit
 Alternate gate symbols vs. standard logic-gate symbols
 Active high & Active low

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 1-1 Boolean Constants and variables
 Boolean constants and variables are allowed to have only two
possible values, 0 or 1.
 Boolean 0 and 1 do not represent actual numbers but instead
represent the state of a voltage variable, or what is called its
logic level.
 0/1 and Low/High are used most of the time.
 Three Logic operations: AND, OR, NOT
 Logic Gates
 Digital circuits constructed from diodes, transistors, and
resistors whose output is the result of a basic logic
operation(OR, AND, NOT) performed on the inputs.

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 1-2 Truth Tables
 How a logic circuit’s output depends on the logic levels
present at the inputs.

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 1-3 OR Operation with OR gates
 Truth Table and circuit symbol

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 1-3 symbol and truth table for a three-
input OR gate

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 Summary of OR operation
 Produce a result of 1 whenever any input is 1. Otherwise 0.
 An OR gate is a logic circuit that performs an OR operation
on the circuit's input
 The expression x=A+B is read as “x equals A OR B”

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 Example of the use of an OR gate in an
Alarm system

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 Example 2

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 Example3

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 Electrical implementation
 Parallel branches in electrical wiring are equivalent to OR

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 Electrical implementation
 Relays may be used to keep control buttons at low voltage/
currents .

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 Electrical implementation
 Relays can have normally open contacts and normally closed
contacts

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 Electrical implementation
 Relays may be used to
keep control buttons
at low voltage/
currents .

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 Electronic implementation
 Transistor Level

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 Electronic implementation
 Integrated circuit Level: 7432

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 Review Questions
 What is the only set of input conditions that will produce a
LOW output for any OR gate?
 Write the Boolean expression for a six-input OR gate
 If the A input in previous example is permanently kept at the
1 level, what will the resultant output waveform be?

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 1-4 And Operation with And Gates
 Truth Table and Gate symbol

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 Electrical implementation
 Series connection is equivalent to AND

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 Electrical implementation
 Series connection is equivalent to AND

AND
Operation

Is it NOR or
NAND?

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 Electrical implementation
 Series connection is equivalent to AND

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 Summary of the AND operation
 The AND operation is performed the same as ordinary
multiplication of 1s and 0s.
 An AND gate is a logic circuit that performs the AND
operation on the circuit’s inputs.
 An AND gate output will be 1 only for the case when all
inputs are 1; for all other cases the output will be 0.
 The expression x=AB is read as “x equals A AND B.”

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