Struktur Materi Genetik

STRUKTUR MATERI GE
Pekanbaru, November 2019

NETIK
dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

dr. RINA AMTARINA,M.Sc,SpKJ
Department of Medical biology
Faculty of Medicine
Riau University
1
DNA PEMBAWA INFORMASI GENET
IK

• GENA REPLIKASI DNA
• EKSPRESI GEN :
- TRANSKRIPSI (SINTESIS mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

- TRANSLASI (SINTESIS PROTEIN)
- PENGENDALIAN
2
History

(1941 Denmark)
•Microbiologist, A. Justin coins term "genetic engineering”

• Technique involving a transfer of a select piece of genetic material from
one organism to another.
• Problem: We did not yet know what the genetic material was.
3
History

• In 1944 Oswald Avery proves DN
A is the genetic material, and his
findings were confirmed in 1952
by Hershey and Chase.

4
AD Hershey & M Chase experiment
dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

5
Griffith’s transforming factor (Gift From
The Dead)

• Two forms of bacteria (Diplococcus pneumoniae)
• Pathogenic - disease causing (S)
• Nonpathogenic - doesn’t cause disease (R)
• Inject mouse
• Pathogenic causes mouse to die

• Nonpathogenic doesn’t harm mouse
• Mixed heat killed pathogenic with nonpathogenic bacteri
a
• Inject mouse
• Mouse dies
• Something ‘transformed’ nonpathogenic to pathogenic form
6
Pekanbaru, November 2019 dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ 7
In 1953, DNA (deoxyribon
ucleic acid) was discovere
d as a double helix structur

e by Watson and Crick usi
ng data collected by Rosali
nd Franklin.
8
History

• 1961 Marshall Nirenberg and colleagues decipher t
he genetic code
• Genetic code is a triplet code, with each codon consisting of three nu

cleotide bases.
• Code Properties
• Universal
• Degenerate
• Unambiguous
• Contains start and stop signals
• Common Origin of Life
Marshall Nirenberg
* STRUKTUR ASAM NUKLEAT

DNA/RNA :
A. DE OXY RIBOSE / RIBOSE
B. Phosphate group
C. BASA NUKLEOTIDA :

PURINE : Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
PYRIMIDINE : Cytosin (C)

(DNA) - Thymin (T)
(RNA) - Uracil (U)
10
A. Base Nucleotides:
• Purin-Pirimidin:

• A - T (DNA)
• A – U (RNA)
•G - C

B. Sugar:
• De oxy ribose
• Ribose
C. Phosphate: 11
Strruktur Gula
• DNA : gugus Oksigen ( O
) hilang pada posisi C no
mor 2 (H)
• RNA : ada gugus O pada
posisi C nomor 2 (OH)

Pyrimidine-Purine

13
n
Nukleosida: gula+basa nitroge

14
Nukleotida: nukleosida+ Fosfat

15
16
17
Gene

A segment of DNA found on a chrom
osome that codes for a particular pr

oteins; a unit of heredity
18
19
DNA * Rosalind Franklin (1953)
* Watson – Crick

* Consist of two intertwined polynucleotid
chain (the Double Helix)
* The Double helix is held together by

Hydrogen bond
* Adenin (A) pair with Thymin (T) (A = T)

Guanin (G) pair with Cytosin (C) (G = C)
* Base pairing = complementary 20

21
Hydrogen Bond=complementarity

22
23
24
Double Heliks

• Dua utas polinukleotida, anti paralel
• Melingkar dengan arah putar kekanan
• Ikatan menghubungkan antara 5’gugus hidroksil deoksi ribosa
suatu nukleotida dengan 3' gugus hidroksil dari unit gula nukle

otida berikutnya dengan perantaraan suatu gugus fosfat.
• Seperti anak tangga melingkar
25
DNA package into chromosomal
Protein histon : H1, H2A, H2B,H3,H4

DNA + 2 Protein Histon (H2A, H2B,H3, H4)
Nukleosom + Molekul H1

menggulung
Benang kromatin Ø30nm
+
Melipat Kromosom
Protein non histon
26
27
DNA as Genetic Material

28
29
DNA
One gene
-
RNA
(Central Dogma)
one protein
Protein

30
Information Only Goes One Way

The central dogma states that once “information” has pass
ed into protein it cannot get out again.
The transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic aci

d, or from nucleic acid to protein, may be possible, but tr
ansfer from protein to protein, or from protein to nucleic

acid, is impossible.
Information means here the precise determination of sequ

ence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or of amino acid r
esidues in the protein.
Francis Crick, 1958 31

Exception of dogma central:

• Retrovirus ex: HIV
• Has RNA and enzyme reverse Transcriptase
• Enzim ini dapat membuat DNA dari template RNA yang dipuny
ainya

• Proses ini disebut reverse transcription
32
Model replikasi DNA

33
Replikasi DNA

Tujuan :Reproduksi sel  duplikasi DNA
34
Proses Replikasi DNA

• Pengenalan ORI (Origin of Replication)
• Destabilisasi heliks utas ganda DNA enzim helikase (DnaB)
• Sintesis untai DNA baru:
- Inisiasi oleh primase

- Elongasi oleh DNA Polimerase
- Penyatuan fragmen okazaki oleh enzim ligase
35
36
• ORI  situs awal replikasi

• Replication fork  cabang replikasi:
- antiparalel ; ujung free 3-hydroksil group
ujung free 5-phosphat group
• Helikase ( DnaB )  penguraian heliks ganda menjadi untai tunggal
• SSBP (Single Stranded Binding Protein) : mencegah untai tunggal ke

mbali menjadi untai ganda
37
Untai DNA baru

A. Inisiasi oleh primase;
• Penempelan RNA primer oleh enzim primase
B. Elongasi oleh DNA polimerase
• DNA polimerase menambahkan nukleotida pada uj. 3’

• DNA baru memanjang dari 5’ ke 3’
38
39
40
Antiparalel:

• Leading strand (free 3’-OH):
- sintesis DNA kontinyu arah 5’ ke 3’
- dekat cabang replikasi
- bergerak sepanjang untai
• Lagging strand (free 5’-fosfat);

- sintesis DNA fragmen okazaki
- jauh dari cabang replikasi
- diskontinyu
41
C. Penyatuan fragmen okazaki deng
an enzim ligase

• Pada lagging strand

42
2. Translasi
1.Transkripsi
Ekspresi Gen

43
TRANSKRIPSI = SINTESIS RNA (mR
NA, tRNA, rRNA)

DNA RNA

•Polimerase RNA
• ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP
44
RNA - m RNA
t RNA

r RNA
Fungsi RNA

m RNA - transfer information from genes to
protein - synthesizing machine
t RNA - carries activated a.a for protein
synthetis
r RNA - protein synthesis
45
Perbedaan RNA -DNA

RNA
Gula Deoksiribosa
Double stranded

Basa Uracil
DNA
46
RNA Polimerase

• RNA polimerase I  utk rRNA
• RNA polimerase II  untuk mRNA
• RNA polimerase III  untuk tRNA

47
Proses Transkripsi

• Promoter ; mencakup titik awal (start point) proses tr
anskripsi
• Pros. Transkripsi  downstream direction
• +1 : initiation site ( tempat awal polimerisasi) 48
Proses Transkripsi

49
Inisiasi
• RNA polimerase berikatan pada promotor  DNA heliks terpisah m

embentuk transcription bubble
Elongasi
• Rantai mRNA tumbuh dari 5’ ke 3’

Termination membentuk hairpin loop dan transcription bubble me
mendek/menyusut
50
Termination process

51
• Terminasi terjad
i pada urutan b
asa palindrom y
g diikuti bebera

pa Adenin (A)
• Terminator seku
en; tdd 2 regio
kaya G-C
52
Modifikasi pasca transkripsi pada e
ukariot:

• Capping=tudung: (penambahan Guanosine pada ujung 5’ mRN
A)
• Polyadenilation: Penambahan Poly A –tail (Adenin) pada ujung
3’

Tujuan penambahan ini:
Melindungi mRNA dari aktivitas degradasi exonuklease karena
struktur mRNA yg tidak stabil
53
54
Modifikasi pasca transkripsi pada e
ukariot

• RNA splicing:
- Intron = non coding region
- Ekson = coding region
- Proses pemotongan intron dan penggabungan ekson

55
56
TRANSLASI

57
TRANSLASI = SINTESIS PROTEIN

* mRNA
• Ribosom
• tRNA
• Asam amino

Urutan pada DNA
Ribosome Binding Site
Gena struktural : kodon awal (AUG), kodon, kodon stop (UAA, UA
G, UGA)
58
59
Struktur sekunder t RNA

60
tRNA
Struktur tertier

61
NA
Attachment of an aminoacid to its tR

62
Ribosom ;
• Aminoacyl site ( A-site): te
mpat berikatan tRNA yang
membawa asam amino
• Peptidyl site ( P-site): tem
pat berikatan tRNA yang
membawa polipeptida ya
ng sedang tumbuh.
• E-site (Exit=tmpt keluar tR
NA yg kosong as.amino

Steps of protein synthesis- Part
1

• Inisiasi
• Ribosom sub unit besar dan kecil bergabung dengan mRNA
• tRNA pertama menempel pada kodon yang sesuai di mRNA
• tRNA pertama selalu membawa methionine (kodon start- AUG)

• “P” (peptide) site and “A” (amino acid) sites
• Membutuhkan energi.
64
65
Protein synthesis - Part 2

• Elongasi
• complementary tRNA berikutnya menempel pada A site
• Asam amino dari tRNA pada P site menempel ke asam amino
pada tRNA di A site

• Translokasi
• mRNA menggerakkan tRNA pada A site ke daerah P site
66
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68
• Terminasi
• Kodon stop

69
Overview sintesis protein

70
71
72
Thank you and have a nice day

73

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STRUKTUR MATERI GE

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

PYRIMIDINE : Cytosin (C)

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019 dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ 12

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

* The Double helix is held together by

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

* Adenin (A) pair with Thymin (T) (A = T)

* Base pairing = complementary 20

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Benang kromatin Ø30nm

Protein non histon

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

Pekanbaru, November 2019

The transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic aci

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Information means here the precise determination of sequ

Francis Crick, 1958 31

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ Pekanbaru, November 2019

Pekanbaru, November 2019

dr. Rina Amtarina, M.Sc,SpKJ

Pekanbaru, November 2019