3.radiogrphic Test Seminar

QA/QC Department
I. Training Objectives
II. Terms & Definitions
III. Codes & Standards/Specifications
References
IV. Equipment/Materials
V. Procedure
VI. Documents and Records
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Provide knowledge on method and good
practice in conducting Radiographic Examination
for both Quality Control Personnel and FOG Direct
Supervision.
Be able to know the application of
Radiographic Examination.
Be familiar with the term “Radiographic Examination”

Be able to know the documentation and
records required after application of RE.
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
The development and application of technical
methods to examine materials and/or components
in ways that do not impair future usefulness and
serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure,
interpret, and evaluate flaws.
The use of x-rays or nuclear radiation, or both, to

detect discontinuities in material, and to present
their images on a recording medium.
QA/QC Department
A light-tight container for holding radiographic
recording media (film) during exposure.
QA/QC Department
A techniques of producing radiographs using gamma
rays.
The penumbral shadow in a radiological image which

is dependent upon; the radiation source dimensions,
the source to object distance, and object to detector
distance.
A device or combination of devices whose

demonstrated image or images provide visual or
quantitative data, or both.
QA/QC Department
A permanent, visible image on a recording medium
produced by penetrating radiation passing through
the material being tested.
The art, act, or process of making radiographs.
A measure of the minimum percentage change in an

object which produces a perceptible density/
brightness change in the radiological image.
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
E 543 - Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform
Non-Destructive Testing
E 746 - Test Method for Determining the Relative
Image Quality Response of Industrial Film
E 999 - Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial
Radiographic Film Processing
E 1032 - Test Method for Radiographic Examination
of Weldments
E 1254 - Guide for Storage of Radiographs and
Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films
QA/QC Department
E 1316 - Terminology for Nondestructive
Examination
E 1742 - Practice for Radiographic Examination
T9.2 – Photographic Processed Film, Plate, and Paper

- Filing Enclosures and Storage Containers
Title 29 - Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.96

Ionizing Radiation (X-Rays, RF, etc)
QA/QC Department
AS 5282 - Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic
Particle Inspection
AS 5371 - Reference Standards Notched Shims for
Magnetic Particle Inspection
A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection,

Suspension
NAS 410 - Nondestructive Testing Personnel

Qualification and Certification
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Films - A photographic film used in radiography,
which must be properly selected for contrast,
latitude and sensitivity.
Penetrameter (IQI)
Fixer (Chemical) - These materials permit a reduction
of both time and amount of water
necessary for adequate washing.
Developer (Chemical) - A solution for developing
film.
QA/QC Department
Source
X-Ray Machines - For x-ray machines operating at
500 kV and less, the focal size
may be determined by the pinhole
pinhole method, or in accordance
with SE-1165, Standard Test
Method for Measurement of Focal
Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tube by
Pinhole Imaging.
QA/QC Department
Iridium-192 - The source size may be determined in
accordance with SE-1114, Standard
Test Method for Determining the Focal
Size of Iridium-192 Industrial
Radiographic Source.
Cranking Cable - The cable that is connected to the
source assembly and used to drive
the source to and from the exposure
location.
Survey Meter - Is a device used to determine the
presence and intensity of radiation.
QA/QC Department
Film Badge - Is used for monitoring cumulative
exposure to ionizing radiation.
Dosimeter - A device used to measure the dose of
ionizing radiation received by an
individual.
Film Viewer - A device used for viewing radiographic
films .
Densitometer - A device for measuring the optical
density of radiographic film.
Collimator - A device of radiation absorbent material
intended for defining the direction and
angular divergence of the radiation beam.
QA/QC Department
X-ray Machines - Generates radiation using three (3)
principles, a source for electrons, a
means of acceleration and a target
for interaction. There are three (3)
main parts, x-ray tube, a high
voltage power supply and a control
unit.
QA/QC Department
Principle of X-ray Machines
1
QA/QC Department
RADIATION
3
QA/QC Department
CATHODE
ANODE
RADIATION
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Iridium 192 - Radioisotope Ir-192 emits radiation
called “gamma” and can be used on
concrete (to locate rebars or conduits
within the concrete), machined parts,
plate metal, and pipe wall. Also, used
to identify flaws on castings and welded
joints, as well as to indicate structural
anomalies due to corrosion or damages.
- Approximate steel wall thickness
12-63 mm
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF Ir-192 SOURCE
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Cobalt 60 - Is used for industrial radiography to
detect flaws in metal parts. One of its
uses is in a medical device for the precise
treatment of otherwise inoperable
deformities of blood vessels and brain
tumors.
- Approximate steel wall thickness
50-150 mm
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Selenium-75 - Ideal for controlling the size of the
exclusion zone during radiographic
exposure at congested work site.
Provides the needed accessibility in
fabrications that x-ray generators
cannot access.
- Used as primary source for SafeRad
Application.
- Approximate steel working thickness
3-29 mm
QA/QC Department
TRANSFER HEAD
TRANSFER
CONTAINER
QA/QC Department
NOZZLE MATES UP WITH
TRANSITION PIECE
QA/QC Department
GAMMABLOK
QA/QC Department
PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION GOING
THROUGH GAMMABLOK
GammaBlok
Attenuates Radiation
RADIATION BEAM 25µSv

100µSv
Half Value Thickness with

SE 75 = 6mm
QA/QC Department
GAMMABLOK
New attenuating material for gamma/x-ray
radiation, radiation contaminated pipelines,
radioactive storage facilities and unwanted
radiation from nucleonic.
Advantages Disadvantages
Effective Heavy
Flexible Setting Time
Re-usable
Inert
Recyclable
QA/QC Department
Ytterbium 169 - This isotope has been used as a
radiation source substitute for a
portable x-ray machine when
electricity was not available. Small
sample act like tiny x-ray machines
useful for radiography of small
objects.
- Approximate steel working thickness
2-20 mm.
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
RADIATION UNIT MEASUREMENT
Curie (Ci) - The amount of radiation being given
off, or emitted, by a radioactive
material in conventional unit or the SI
unit Becquerel (Bq).
Rad - The conventional unit measurement for
radiation dose absorbed by a person (that is,
the amount of energy deposited in human
tissue by radiation) or the SI unit Gray (Gy).
Rem - The conventional unit measurement for the
biological risk exposure risk to radiation or
the SI unit sievert (Sv).
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Single Wall-Single Image (Panoramic) Shot
Single Wall-Single Image (Single Film-Source Inside)
Single Wall-Single Image (Single Film-Source
Outside)
Double Wall-Single Image (Single Film-Source
Outside)
Double Wall-Single Image (Single Film-Source
Outside Offset)
Double Wall-Elliptical Image
Double Wall-Super Imposed Image
QA/QC Department
BASED ON QC ENDORSEMENT
DETERMINE MATERIAL CONNECT CRANKING
FREE OF SHORT CABLE TO SOURCE/TAPE
TYPE/DIAMETER/THICKNESS OR LONG
IRREGULARITIES OR TIE FILM TO WELD
PREPARE
SURFACE FILM SOURCE/FILM
MARKINGS
PREPARATION LOADING TO WELD
AND IQI
RESULT OF DEVELOP FILMS EXPOSE FILM

INTERPRETATION INSIDE LAB/ USING GAMMA
FILM VIEWER DARK ROOM SOURCE
RECORD INTERPRET DEVELOP EXPOSE
RESULTS
QA/QC Department
ASME B31.1 Latest Edition (Table 136.4.1 and Table
A-250.3.2 of ASME Section I)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Any type of crack All
(internal or external) or
zone of incomplete fusion
or penetration
Surface Undercut >1/32” (1.0 mm) deep
Elongated Indication = ¼ in. (6.0 mm) for T up to ¾ in. (19.0 mm),
inclusive
= 1/3 T for T from ¾ in. (19.0 mm) to 2¼ in.
(57.0 mm)
= ¾ in. (19.0 mm) for T over 2¼ in. (57.0 mm)
where T is the thickness of the thinner portion
of the weld
QA/QC Department
Any group of indications in line that have an
aggregate length greater than T in a length
of 12T, except where the distance between
the successive indications exceeds 6L where
L is the longest indication in the group
Porosity
- Rounded Indications > ¼ T, OR 5/32 in. (4 mm), whichever is
smaller; except that an isolated indication
separated from an adjacent indication by 1
in. (25 mm) or more may be 1/3 T, OR ¼ in. (6
mm), whichever is less. For T greater than 2 in.
(50 mm) the maximum permissible size of of
an isolated indication shall be increased to
3/8 in. (10 mm).
QA/QC Department
- Aligned Rounded Aligned rounded indication are
Indications unacceptable when the summation of the
diameters of the indications is more than T in
a length of 12T (see Fig. A-250.3.4-1 of ASME
Section I). The length of groups of rounded
indications and the spacing between the
group shall meet the requirements of Fig. A-
250-3.4-2 of ASME Section I.
For T less than 1/8 in. (3 mm), the maximum
number of rounded indications shall not
exceed 12 in. in a 6 in. (150 mm) length of
weld. A proportionally fewer number of
indications shall be permitted In welds less
than 6 in. (150 mm) in length.
QA/QC Department
- Clustered Indications The length of an acceptable cluster shall not
exceed the lesser of 1 in. (25 mm) or 2T.
Where more than one cluster is present, the
sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not
exceed 1 in. (25 mm) in a 6 in. (150 mm)
length of weld.
Root Concavity When there is an abrupt change in density,
as indicated on the graph
Note: 1. T pertains to the thickness of the weld being examined.

2. If a weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld,
T is the thinner of these two thicknesses.
QA/QC Department
ASME B31.3 Latest Edition (Table 341.3.2 and Par.
4-3 Appendix 4 of ASME Section VIII-Division I)
WELD IMPERFECTIONS ACCEPTABLE VALUE LIMITS
Crack All
Depth of Lack of Fusion ≤ 0.2Tw
and Incomplete
Penetration
- Cumulative length of ≤ 38 mm (12.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld
lack of fusion and length
incomplete penetration
Depth of Incomplete ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤ 0.2Tw
Penetration
- Cumulative length of ≤ 38 mm (1.5 mm) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld
incomplete penetration length
QA/QC Department
Rounded Indications The maximum permissible size of any
indication shall be 1/4T or 5/32 in. (4 mm),
whichever is smaller; except that an isolated
indication separated from an adjacent
indication by 1 in. (25 mm) or more may
be1/3T or ¼ in. (6 mm), whichever is less. For T
Greater than 2 in. (50 mm) the maximum
permissible size of an isolated indication shall
be increased to 3/8 in. (10 mm).
For T less than 1/8 in. (3 mm) the maximum
weld.
QA/QC Department
Clustered Indications The length of an acceptable cluster shall not
sum of the clusters shall not exceed 1 in. (25
mm) in a 6 in. (150 mm) length weld.
Size and distribution of For Tw ≤ 6 mm (1/4 in.), limit is same with Par.
internal porosity 4-3 Appendix 4 Of ASME Section VIII-Division I
For Tw > 6 mm (1/4 in.), limit is 1.5 x with Par. 4-
3 Appendix 4 Of ASME Section VIII-Division I
Slag inclusion, tungsten
inclusion, or elongated
indication
- Individual Length ≤ 2Tw
QA/QC Department
- Individual Width ≤ 3 mm (1/8 in.) and ≤ Tw/2
- Cumulative Length ≤ 4Tw in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
Depth of Undercutting ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤ Tw/4
≤ 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) and ≤ [Tw/4 or 1 mm (1/32
in.)]
Note: 1. Tw pertains to the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two

components joined by a butt welding.
QA/QC Department
ASME Section I Latest Edition (PW-51 and Table
Crack or zone of All indication
Incomplete Fusion or
Penetration
Elongated Indications > ¼ in. (6 mm) for T up to ¾ in. (19 mm)
>1/3T for T from 3/4 in. (19 mm) to 2 ¼ in. (57
mm)
> ¾ in. (19 mm) for T over 2 ¼ in. (57 mm)
- Individual Length ≤ 2Tw
Porosity
QA/QC Department
- Rounded Indications > ¼ T, OR 5/32 in. (4 mm), whichever is
smaller; except that an isolated indication
separated from an adjacent indication by 1
in. (25 mm) or more may be 1/3 T, OR ¼ in. (6
mm), whichever is less. For T greater than 2 in.
(50 mm) the maximum permissible size of of
an isolated indication shall be increased to
3/8 in. (10 mm).
weld
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
length of weld.
Note: 1. T pertains to the thickness weld.
QA/QC Department
ASME Section VIII Latest Edition (PW-51 and Par.
Crack or zone of All indication
Incomplete Fusion or
Penetration
Elongated Indications > ¼ in. (6 mm) for T up to ¾ in. (19 mm)
>1/3T for T from 3/4 in. (19 mm) to 2 ¼ in. (57
mm)
> ¾ in. (19 mm) for T over 2 ¼ in. (57 mm)
Rounded Indications The maximum permissible size of any
indication shall be 1/4T or 5/32 in. (4 mm),
whichever is smaller; except that an isolated
indication separated from an adjacent
indication by 1 in. (25 mm) or more may
be1/3T or ¼ in. (6 mm), whichever is less. For T
Greater than 2 in. (50 mm) the maximum
permissible size of an isolated indication shall
be increased to 3/8 in. (10 mm).
QA/QC Department
weld
QA/QC Department
length of weld.
Note: 1. T pertains to the thickness weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.

2. For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at
the weld, T is the thinner of these two thicknesses.
QA/QC Department
AWS D1.1/D1.1M Latest Edition (Par. 6.12)
Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections and
Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections
Cracks All
Elongated Discontinuities > 20 mm for weld size of 30 mm or greater
Rounded Discontinuities > Than a maximum of size of E/3, not to
exceed ¼ in. (6 mm). However, when the
thickness is greater than 2 in.(50 mm), the
maximum rounded indication may be 3/8 in.
(10 mm). The minimum clearance of this type
of discontinuity greater than or equal to 3/32
in. (2.5 mm) to an acceptable elongated
discontinuity or to an edge or end of an
intersecting weld shall be three times the
greatest dimension of the larger of the
discontinuities being considered.
QA/QC Department
Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections and
Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections
The sum of individual discontinuities each
having a greater dimension of less than 3/32
in. (2.5 mm) shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8 in.
(10 mm), whichever is less, in any linear 1 in.
(25 mm) of weld.
In-line discontinuities Where the sum of the greatest dimensions
exceeds E in any length of 6E. When the
length of the weld being examined is less
than 6E, the allowable sum of the greatest
dimensions shall be proportionally less.
Note: 1. E pertains to weld size.
QA/QC Department
Tubular Connections
Cracks All
Elongated Discontinuities > 20 mm for weld size of 30 mm or greater
Rounded Discontinuities > Than a maximum of size of E/3, not to
exceed ¼ in. (6 mm). However, when the
thickness is greater than 2 in.(50 mm), the
maximum rounded indication may be 3/8 in.
(10 mm). The minimum clearance of this type
of discontinuity greater than or equal to 3/32
in. (2.5 mm) to an acceptable elongated
discontinuity or to an edge or end of an
intersecting weld shall be three times the
greatest dimension of the larger of the
discontinuities being considered.
QA/QC Department
Tubular Connections
The sum of individual discontinuities each
having a greater dimension of less than 3/32
in. (2.5 mm) shall not exceed 2E/3 or 3/8 in.
(10 mm), whichever is less, in any linear 1 in.
(25 mm) of weld.
In-line discontinuities Where the sum of the greatest dimensions
exceeds E in any length of 6E. When the
length of the weld being examined is less
than 6E, the allowable sum of the greatest
dimensions shall be proportionally less.
Note: 1. E pertains to weld size.
QA/QC Department
Can be used to inspect virtually all materials
Detects surface and subsurface defects
Ability to inspect complex shapes and multi layered
structures without disassembly
Minimum part preparation is required
Extensive operator training and skill required

Access to both sides of the structures is usually
required
Orientation of the radiation beam to non volumetric
defects is critical
QA/QC Department
Field inspection of thick materials can be time
consuming
Relatively expensive equipment investment is
required
Possible radiation hazard for personnel
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
Reference Code(s)
Types and Methods used
Specify Line Number/Isometric
Type of Materials and Form
Source Type and Strength Used
Type of Indication
Accepted or Rejected
Personnel Qualification
QA/QC Department
QUALITY IS A LINE FUNCTION DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
QA/QC Department
X-RAY TUBE
CONTROL UNIT
QA/QC Department

3.radiogrphic Test Seminar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.radiogrphic Test Seminar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

QA/QC Department

Be familiar with the term “Radiographic Examination”

The use of x-rays or nuclear radiation, or both, to

The penumbral shadow in a radiological image which

A device or combination of devices whose

The art, act, or process of making radiographs.

A measure of the minimum percentage change in an

T9.2 – Photographic Processed Film, Plate, and Paper

Title 29 - Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.96

A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection,

NAS 410 - Nondestructive Testing Personnel

RADIATION BEAM 25µSv

Half Value Thickness with

RESULT OF DEVELOP FILMS EXPOSE FILM

Note: 1. T pertains to the thickness of the weld being examined.

Note: 1. Tw pertains to the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two

Note: 1. T pertains to the thickness weld.

Note: 1. T pertains to the thickness weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.

Note: 1. E pertains to weld size.

Note: 1. E pertains to weld size.

Extensive operator training and skill required

You might also like