STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
- WHAT IS STATISTICS?

- WHY SHOULD I STUDY STATISTICS?

- WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF

STATISTICS IN MY EVERYDAY LIFE?
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
Statistics is the science that deals
with the collection, organization and
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of all kinds of data
pertinent to the study being
considered, so that meaningful
conclusion can be drawn.
Statistics is a language which, through its
special symbol and logic takes numerical facts
in life and translates them into meaningful
statements. It condenses opinions, performances
and comparisons into summary numbers that
can be understood in a single glance. These
numbers can be talk about, remembered and
used as basis for making decisions, forming
opinions and developing theories.
 2 KINDS OF STATISTICS
• descriptive statistics

•Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
- is a group of statistical measurements that
aims to provide the basic characteristics of a
data set through tables and graphs and other
descriptive measures such as measures of
central tendency, measures of position, and
measure of variation.
inferential statistics
- aims to infer or to make interpretations by
making a concluding statement about the
population based on the result derived from
a data set. Measures commonly used in
inferential statistics include analysis of
variance, t-test, chi square, correlation and
regression of analysis.
4 essential processes in statistics
1. Collection of data
2. Organization and presentation of data
3. Analysis of data
4. Interpretation of data
What is data?
- it is a body of information or observations
being considered by the researcher.
- they are facts and figures that are
presented, collected and analyzed.
 variable – used to define certain
observable values or characteristics.
- It is a characteristics that is observable or
measurable in every unit of the universe.
DIFFERENT WAYS TO CLASSIFY
DATA
 According to nature
According to source
According to arrangement
Quantitative data can be further
classified according to measurement
 ACCORDING TO SOURCE

Primary Data – first – hand

information
Secondary Data – second –
hand information
ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENT

Ungrouped data – data without any specific

order or arrangement. They are referred to as
raw data.
Grouped data – data arranged or tabulated and
presented in an organized manner.
 ACCORDING TO NATURE
Quantitative or numerical data – those
obtained from variables which are in the form of
numbers.

Qualitative or categorical data – those

obtained from variables which are in the form of
categories, characteristics, names or labels.
QUANTITATIVE DATA CAN BE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO MEASUREMENT

Discrete data – those obtained from

counting process where data are whole
numbers.
Continuous Data – those obtained through
measuring process where data are values
that may be decimals or fractions.
FOUR SCALES OF DATA
MEASUREMENT/ LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
“Students who eat a healthy breakfast will do
best on a quiz, students who eat unhealthy
breakfast will get an average performance, and
students who do not eat anything for breakfast
will do the worst on a quiz”
1. Nominal Scale – lowest level of data
measurement where the values for the
variables are used for identification
purposes only and it does not signify any
quantitative value.
2. Ordinal Scale – has all the properties of the
nominal scale, but the numbers obtained
also give the order of values.
3. Interval Scale – has all the properties of the
ordinal scale. The values in a set of interval
data are consistent and meaningful, but it
does not involve a true zero point.
4. Ratio Scale – has all the properties. In this
level, there is a true zero point.
LEVEL PROPERTY BASIC EMPIRICAL
OPERATION
NOMINAL NO ORDER, NO DETERMINATION OF
DISTANCE AND NO EQUIVALENCE
ORIGIN
ORDINA HAS ORDER BUT DETERMINATION OF
NO DISTANCE AND GREATER OR LESSER
L NO UNIQUE ORIGIN VALUES
INTERVA BOTH WITH ORDER DETERMINATION OF
AND DISTANCE EQUALITY OF INTERVALS
L BUT NO UNIQUE OR DIFFERENCE
ORIGIN
RATIO HAS ORDER, DETERMINATION OF
DISTANCE, AND EQUALITY OF RATIOS
UNIQUE ORIGIN OR MEANS