Most merciful loving and forgiving God, we give you thanks

for your guidance and protection in everything we do.

Lead us the way to become worthy in your eyes and not of
man and share every blessings we received from you the
humblest way we can, specially to our loving brothers and sisters.
Humbly we may give us continually glorify your name
above all names
This we ask in Jesus name .
Amen
 Data management

Lesson 1 – Introduction to Statistics

At the end of the chapter , you are expected to:

– discuss the importance of statistics in your field of study;

– compare and contrast between descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics;
– define data;
– identify different types of data as well as their level of
measurement;
– identify appropriate data collection methods based on needed
data; and
– identify appropriate data presentation type for a set of data.
INTRODUCTION

Decision makers make better decisions when they use all available
information in an effective and meaningful way

The primary role of statistics is to provide decision makers with

methods for obtaining and analyzing information to help make
these decisions.

Statistics is used to answer long-range planning questions, such as

when and where to locate facilities to handle future sales.
INTRODUCTION
collecting

For the purpose of

organizing assisting in making a
more effective decision

presenting

is called STATISTICS
analyzing and interpreting numerical
data
 Types of Statistics
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
are all the methods used to collect,
organize, summarize or present data,
usually to make the data easier to
understand.
It is concerned with summary calculations
such as averages, and percentages and
construction of graphs, charts and tables.
Inferential Statistics
is concerned with the formulation of
conclusions or generalizations about a
population based on an observation or a series
of observations of a sample drawn from a
population.
It consists of performing hypothesis testing,
determining relationships among variables, and
making predictions.
 Population

is the collection of all possible observations of a specified characteristic of

interest.

Sample

a subset of population
 Parameter

is a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the

population.

Statistic

is a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the

sample.
Types of Variables

Variables
A person's hair color is a potential variable, which could
have the value of "blond" for one person and "brunette"
for another.

In statistics, Religious affiliation, ethnicity

a variable has two
defining characteristics:
Weight and height

attribute that value of the

describes a variable can Gender of students enrolled in GEC 03
person, place, "vary" from one
thing, or idea entity to
another.
Types of Variables Level of Measurements

Nominal Data. In this case, numbers are used to

Variables represent an item or characteristic.

Ordinal or Rank Data. In this set, numbers can be ordered

or ranked, but a specific difference in the levels cannot be
determined.

Qualitative Quantitative Interval Data. In this set, numbers can be ordered and has
exact difference between any two units but has no
meaningful zero or starting point.

discrete continuous Ratio Data. This set is the highest level of measurement
and allows for all basic arithmetic operations, including
division and multiplication.
 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Primary Data Secondary Data

Data which must be collected Data which are already

available

Data is the collection of observations

 Survey, Census, and Sample Survey Method

survey census sample survey

a method of when data came

When data came
collecting data on from asking a
from asking all the
the variable of sample of people
people in the
interest by asking from a well-defined
population
people questions population
 Experiment and Observation Method

experiment observation

a method of collecting data

a method of collecting data on
where there is direct human
the phenomenon of interest by
intervention on the conditions
recording the observations
that may affect the values of
made about the phenomenon
the variable of interest.
as it actually happens
 Presentation of Data

Textual Presentation Tabular Presentation

data incorporates important

data arranges figures in a
figures in a paragraph of text.
systematic manner in rows and
In this type of presentation, we
columns. It is the most
insert important data figures or
common method of data
summary measures within the
presentation.
paragraph of text to support
our conclusions.
 Tabular Presentation

Leader work Text tabulation Formal Statistical Table

is a little bit more is the most complex type of

the simplest layout table since it has all the
among all three types complex than leader
different parts like the table
work. It already has
of tables. It contains number, table title, head
column headings and note, box head, stub head,
no table title or table borders, column headings, and so
column headings and making it easier to on. It is a stand-alone table
and can be easily
has no table borders. understand than
understood even without a
leader work. description.
 Graphical Presentation

data portrays numerical figures or relationships among variables in

pictorial form.

Type of Chart

Line Chart, Column Chart, Horizontal Bar Chart and Pie Graph
 Line Chart

Useful for presenting historical data

Effective in showing movement of a series over time
Appropriate when comparing two or more time series data and
trends over time
 Column Chart

Compare amounts in a time series data

Emphasis is on difference in magnitude
For time series data, columns are arranged on the horizontal axis
 Horizontal Bar Chart

Appropriate when we wish to show the distribution of categorical

data.
Used to compare magnitudes for different categories of a
qualitative variable.
 Pie Chart

Circle divided into several sections

Each section indicates the proportion of each component
Thank you