Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Amini Golestani,
Taher, IRIB Qom University
Outlines
Introduction
Definition of communication, Interpersonal communication,
counseling
Elements of communication
Types of communications
Communication process
Characteristics of effective communication
Knowledge and skills needed for effective interpersonal
communication
Characteristics of effective counseling
Barriers to effective communication Tools for effective counseling
Models of communications
Secular Propaganda Strategies
What is Communication?
Communication can be defined as
the process by which people share ideas,
experience, knowledge and feelings
through the transmission of symbolic
messages.
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Written Word g ua
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Message
Text
Meaning
Producer Referent
Reader
Figure 16.1
Communication is a dynamic,
systemic or contextual,
irreversible and proactive
process in which
communicators construct
personal meanings through
their symbolic interactions
(Wood, 1964)
What part of the communication process has the
sender translating the message into symbols or
language?
A. Message
B. Encoding
C. Decoding
D. Feedback
Sender – person wishing to share information
with some other person
Message – what information to communicate
Encoding – sender translates the message into
symbols or language
Noise – refers to anything that hampers any stage
original sender
Feedback eliminates misunderstandings, ensures
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What is the amount of information that a
communication medium can carry?
A. Channel capacity
B. Information richness
C. Bandwidth
D. Message capacity
The amount of information that a communication
medium can carry
The extent to which the medium enables the
16-21
Face-to-Face
◦ Provides for instant feedback.
◦ Management by wandering around takes advantage of this
with informal talks to workers.
◦ Video conferences provide much of this richness and
reduce travel costs and
meeting times.
Spoken Communication Electronically Transmitted
◦ Has the second highest information richness.
◦ Telephone conversations are information rich with tone
of voice, sender’s emphasis, and quick feedback, but
provide no visual nonverbal cues.
Personally Addressed Written Communication
◦ Has a lower richness than the verbal forms of
communication, but still is directed at a given person.
◦ Personal addressing helps ensure receiver actually reads
the message—personal letters and e-mail are common
forms.
Personally Addressed Written Communication
◦ Does not provide instant feedback to the sender although
sender may get feedback later.
◦ Excellent media for complex messages requesting follow-
up actions by receiver.
E-mail allows telecommuting employees to
work from home and keep in contact.
The use of e-mail is growing rapidly and e-mail
etiquette is expected:
◦ Typing messages in all CAPITALS is seen as
“screaming” at the receiver.
◦ Punctuate your messages for easy reading and don’t
ramble on.
◦ Pay attention to spelling and treat the message like a
written letter.
Impersonal Written Communication
◦ Has the lowest information richness.
◦ Good for messages to many receivers where little or
feedback is expected (e.g., newsletters, reports)
Communication Networks
◦ The pathways along which information flows in groups
and teams and throughout the organization.
Type of communication network depends on:
◦ The nature of the group’s tasks
◦ The extent to which group members need to communicate
with each other to achieve group goals.
Type of Network
Wheel Network Information flows to and from one central
member.
Figure 16.3
•Message
•Source (sender)
•Channel
•Receiver
•Filter
•Feedback
The Communication Process
Medium
Barrier
SENDER RECEIVER
(encodes) (decodes)
Barrier
Feedback/Response
Effective communication requires the message to
be:
Clear and concise
Accurate
Relevant to the needs of the receiver
Timely
Meaningful
Applicable to the situation
Effective communication requires the sender to:
message
Listen attentively
Understand the value of the message
Provide feedback
An effective verbal An effective nonverbal
communicator: communicator:
Clarifies Relaxes
Listens Opens up
Restates/repeats contact
Shows appropriate
facial expressions
Adequate knowledge of Ability to paraphrase and
subject area summarize the concerns of
An understanding of one's individuals and the
own values and willingness community.
to withhold judgment about Ability to observe and
the other people’s values. interpret behavior of other
Skills in verbal and nonverbal people.
communication.
Ability to use language that
other people understand.
Ability to show empathy and
encourage others.
Skills to effectively use
support materials.
Skills in asking questions
and listening.
Confidence
Flexibility
Tolerance and patience
Barriers to communication
• Language
• Values and beliefs
• Sex/gender and age
• Economic status
• Educational level
• Physical barriers
• Attitude
• Timing
• Understanding of message
• Trust
Physical barriers- yelling across the hall,
communicating from different locations
Perceptual barriers- we all see the world differently
Emotional barriers- withholding thoughts and
feelings
Cultural barriers- group behaviors
Language barriers- not everyone is familiar with all
languages or jargon
Physical barriers- try to use face-to-face
communication frequently
(Message) (Listener)
The LASSWELL Model
Lasswell:
“Communication must perform its key functions to
protect, fortify, and enhance a nation’s stability.”
The SHANNON-WEAVER Model
The SHANNON-WEAVER Model
A model originally designed for telephone communication:
EXAMPLE:
phone call – information source
telephone – transmitter converts message into electronic signal
telephone – receiver that reconverts electronic signal into a message
message – heard by another person, destination
distorting signals – noise
Depicts communication as one-way or of linear sequence
Depicts noise as an element found ONLY within the message and not
throughout the communication process.
Mechanical in nature, terms
SOURCE ENCODER SIGNAL DECODER DESTINATION
Interpreter
Encoder
The schramm’s Model
The schramm’s Model
Wilbur Schramm tried many models to convey his
insights and finally his fourth model was the charm!
2.Symbolizing – before he can utter sounds, a speaker has to know the code
of oral language with which to represent his ideas and in order to make his
selection
WHITE’S Model
Eugene White gave his communication students a sequence of events
that takes place in communication. These eight stages of oral
communication are the following:
3. Expressing – the speaker then uses his vocal mechanism to produce the
sounds of language accompanied by facial expressions, gestures, and body
stance
Good feelings, looks, or ideas transferred to the person for whom the
product is intended.
Repetition
The product name or keyword or phrase is repeated several times.