CHAPTER 15

DATA
COLLECTION
OPENING ACTIVITY

2
 RESEARCH METHODS AND THEIR
INSTRUMENTS
Most Frequently Used Data Collection

INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS
Interviews are conversations
that are designed to obtain
specific kinds of information.

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 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
1. UNSTRUCTURED. The
researcher must be skilled in
steering the course of the
interview. The interviewer must be
knowledgeable on the subject or
topic of concern. This can be a
form of normal conversations or a
freewheeling exchange of ideas.
 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
2. STRUCTURED. The conduct of
questioning follows a particular
progression and has a well-
defined content.
 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
3. SEMI- STRUCTURED. There is
a specific set of questions, but
there are also additional probes
that may come in form of follow up
questions that are not included in
the list of original questions.
 GROUP INTEVIEWS.

“ Group Interviews are

interviews conducted with
several respondents
simultaneously ideally six to
ten people. This method may
be used when a certain effect
is desired or if a topic calls for
it.
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 GROUP INTEVIEWS MAYBE

“
CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES

1. FOCUS GROUP.
Participants in a focus group
are selected by the researcher
according to specific sampling
criteria, e.g., licensed
dermatologists who have been
practicing for at least ten years.

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 GROUP INTEVIEWS MAYBE

“
CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES
2. NATURAL GROUPS.
The participants belong to
the group that exists
independently of the study,
e.g., members of all
marketing department of a
certain company.
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 OBSERVATION

“ This method enables the researcher to

conduct research in an immersive manner,
collecting data on natural phenomena or
behavior as it occurs. The instrument often
used in conjunction with this method is
called OBSERVATION CHECKLIST or
OBSERVATION GUIDE.

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 OBSERVATION

“
2 Types of Observation
1. Structured. The researcher devices a
checklist as a data collection tool wherein
expected behaviors of interest have been
specified .

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 OBSERVATION

“
2 Types of Observation
2. Unstructured. This is performed by the
researcher as he or she tries to explain
events without any preconceived ideas
about what will be observed.

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 Advantages of Observation
1. It is the most direct measure
of behaviour.
2. It provides direct information.
3. It is easy to complete and is
efficient.
4. It can be used in natural and
experimental settings.

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 Disadvantages of Observation
1. It may require training.
2. It is susceptible to bias.
3. Observer’s presence may
create an artificial situation.
4. It can potentially overlook
meaningful aspects.
5. It is open to
misinterpretation.
6. It is difficult to analyse. 14
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