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Chapter 3 - EEP5252 - Voltage Drop
Chapter 3 - EEP5252 - Voltage Drop
VOLTAGE DROP
AND
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
EEP 5252
Power Utilisation
Introduction
Voltage Ranges
Definition of Voltage Drop
Cable Impedances
Transformer Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop Due to Motor Starting
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Fault Currents
Equivalent System Impedance
Short Circuit Analysis in Three-phase Systems
Short Circuit Analysis in Single-phase Systems
2
Introduction
3
Voltage Range
According to 17th Edition of IEE Wiring Regulations
(BS7671: 2008, Table 12A), the voltage drop
between the origin of an installation and any load
point should not be greater than the values in
Table 12A expressed with respect to the value of
the nominal voltage of the installation. Max. 100m
only. Increase 0.005% per meter if beyond 100m.
VSEND
VREC jXSIA
IARA
IA
5
Definition of Voltage Drop
Approximation method:
7
Solution 1
8
Definition of Voltage Drop
Tabulated mV/A/m values:
tabulated(mV/A/m)z I b
Vdrop volts
1000
10
Solution 2
1.95 120 27
Vdrop V 6.32V
1000
6.32
%Vdrop 100% 2.64%
415 / 3
11
Cable Impedances
12
Cable Impedances
13
Example 3
14
Solution 3
15
Transformer Voltage Drop
In percentage,
Vdrop
%Vdrop 100%
VLS
16
Transformer Voltage Drop
Three-phase transformer impedances reflected to the low-voltage
side are given by,
1 (%R)(Secondary line voltage)2
R TR
100 Transformer voltampere rating
1 (%X)(Secondary line voltage)2
X TR
100 Transformer voltampere rating
tan -1(X/R)
%R TR %ZTR cos
%X TR %ZTR sin
17
Example 4
18
Solution 4
20
Voltage Drop Due to Motor
Starting
Voltage drop or voltage dips occurs due to large motor
starting.
The voltage drop is large when starting large motors
applied to systems having a relatively high source
impedance.
2 common methods to determine voltage drop due to
the motor starting:
Constant Impedance
Constant Current
21
Example 5
22
Solution 5
(a) The locked-rotor kVA/HP is 6.3 (take the worst case). The
locked-rotor kVA during starting,
kVALR = 6.3 kVA/HP x 50HP = 315 kVA
The locked-rotor current,
315kVA
I LR 438.23A
3 415V
The active and reactive power during starting,
P = (315kVA) x (0.35) = 110.25 kW
Q = (315kVA) x [sin(cos-1(0.35))] = 295.1kVAr
23
Solution 5 (Cont’d)
Locked-rotor R and X,
1 110.25kW
R 0.1913
3 438.232
1 295.1kVAr
X 0.5122
3 438.23
2
240V 230.62V
%Vdrop 100% 3.91% 24
240V
Solution 5 (Cont’d)
25
Voltage Drop Due to Motor
Starting (approximation)
In some cases, the locked-rotor power factor (cos) of
the motor may not be known.
In this case, it is possible to have an approximation
value of voltage drop due to motor starting by assuming
that the voltage drop is in-phase with the source
voltage.
For previous Example 5, the Vdrop,
Vdrop = I x Z = 438.23A x 0.01+j0.02 = 9.8V.
The %Vdrop,
%Vdrop = (9.8V/240V) x 100% = 4.08%
26
Example 6 (single-phase)
Cable/Wire:
0.13
RL 2 (120 ft ) 0.0312
1000
0.042
X L 2 (120 ft ) 0.0101
1000 28
Solution 6 (cont’d)
29
Solution 6 (cont’d)
Cable/Wire:
31
Example 7 (three-phase)
Determine the %Vdrop at the Main Distribution Panel (MDP) and at
the end of the Service Panel (SP) for the system shown below.
32
Example 7 (three-phase)
Transformer TR1
800kVA
6600 – 1000V
R = 1.5%, X = 5%
2000A
MDP
600kVA, 0.9 lagging PF 1500A
400A
250A
150A
SP
100A 20kVA, 0.85 lagging PF
33
Solution 7
0.035
RL (30 ft ) 0.00105
1000
0.049
XL (30 ft ) 0.00147 34
1000
Solution 7 (cont’d)
Transformer (TR2):
1 (3.5%)( 415V ) 2
RTR 2 0.1507
100 40kVA
1 (4%)( 415V ) 2
X TR 2 0.1722
100 40kVA 35
Solution 7 (cont’d)
36
Solution 7 (cont’d)
20kVA
I 27.82 cos 1 (0.85) A 27.82 3731.79 A
3 415V
Solution 7 (cont’d)
38
Solution 7 (cont’d)
39
Solution 7 (cont’d)
Transformer (TR2):
Vdrop 27.82 A 0.1507 cos( 31.79) 0.1722 sin( 31.79) 6.09V
6.09V
%Vdrop 100% 1.47%
415V
40
Solution 7 (cont’d)
41
Solution 7 (cont’d)
Step 5 – Add the %Vdrop along each segment, starting at the source to
the point of interest.
42
Hornet…
43
Short Circuit Calculations
Types of
current
44
Normal Current
Normal, or load, current may be defined as the current specifically
designed to be drawn by a load under normal operating conditions.
Normal motor current varies from low values (under light loading)
to medium values (under medium loading) to maximum values
(under maximum loading).
Normal current flows only in the normal circuit path. The normal
circuit path includes the phase and neutral conductors. It does not
include equipment grounding conductors.
45
Overload Current
Overload current is greater in magnitude than full load current and
flows only in the normal circuit path.
It is commonly caused by overloaded equipment, single-phasing, or
low line voltage, and thus is considered to be an abnormal current.
Some overload currents, such as motor starting currents (or locked-
rotor current), are only temporary. Overload current is greater in
magnitude than full-load amperes but less than locked-rotor
amperes.
46
Short-circuit Current
Short-circuit current is greater than locked-rotor current and may
range upwards of thousands of amperes.
The maximum value is limited by the maximum short-circuit current
available on the system at the fault point.
Short-circuit current may be further classified as bolted or arcing.
Large amounts of short-circuit current will flow into a bolted fault
than the arcing fault.
47
Ground-fault Current
Ground-fault current consists of any current which flows outside
the normal circuit path.
Ground-fault current flow in the equipment grounding conductor
for low-voltage systems.
In medium- and high-voltage systems, ground-fault current may
return to the source through the earth.
Ground-fault current on low-voltage systems may be classified as
leakage, bolted, or arcing.
48
Sources of Short-circuit Current
49
Sources of Short-circuit Current
Synchronous Generator
Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor 50
Symmetrical and
Asymmetrical Fault Currents
51
52
Symmetrical and
Asymmetrical
Fault Currents
The symmetrical short circuit current consists only the pure AC
component inside its sinusoidal waveform. It is applicable only for
balanced three-phase power system and can be calculated as the
total line-to-neutral voltage over the total impedances on the
power system.
The asymmetrical short circuit current is the actual current that
flows during a fault condition. It consists of DC and AC components
that contribute to a certain amount of ‘DC offset’ in the waveform
immediately after the initiation of the fault. The amount of ‘DC
offset’ or asymmetry depends on the point when the fault occurs.
53
Symmetrical and
Asymmetrical
Fault Currents
The instantaneous peak short circuit current is the maximum peak
instantaneous fault current on the asymmetrical short circuit
current waveform. It is a function of X/R of the system.
54
Symmetrical and
Asymmetrical Fault Currents
jXL i(t)
R
t=0s
+
Vm sin(t ) Fault
-
i (t ) 2 I rms sin(t Z ) sin( Z ) e (R / X ) t
Vm X
I rms Z tan 1
2 ZS ZS R2 X 2
R
55
Symmetrical and
Asymmetrical Fault Currents
First half-cycle asymmetrical fault current:
56
Example 8
The source impedance at a 12.47kV distribution substation bus is
0.4 + j1.5 ohms per phase. Calculate (a) the rms fault current, (b)
the maximum peak instantaneous value of fault current, and (c) the
rms value of the half-cycle fault current if a balanced three-phase
fault occurs.
57
Solution 8
58
Solution 8
59
Solution 8
60
Equivalent System Impedance
To determine short circuit current, the total impedances of the
system to the fault point must be established.
Common system impedances – equivalent system, transformers,
cables, etc.
All impedances placed before transformer need to be reflected to
its low voltage side.
61
Short Circuit Analysis in
Three-phase
Systems
Since the three-phase fault condition results in a balanced set of
short circuit current, the rms short circuit current at a particular
fault point is calculated as:
Line - to - neutral voltage
I rms
Z total
The X/R ratio is used to determine the instantaneous peak factor
and half-cycle factor.
Half-cycle factor is used to calculate the asymmetrical fault
current.
62
Example 9
Determine the RMS symmetrical, RMS asymmetrical and peak short
circuit magnitudes for a three-phase fault occurring at (a) F1 and
(b) F2 for the power system shown in Figure below.
63
Equivalent system
3-phase SC MVA = 65MVA@3.3kV, X/R = 3
Transformer TR1
750kVA
3300 – 1100V
Z = 5.75%, X/R = 5
1000A
F1 1000A
400A
250A
400A
250A F2 64
Solution 9
Impedance angle,
tan 1 (3) 71.57
65
Solution 9 (cont’d)
%R and %X of TR1,
68
Solution 9 (cont’d)
69
Solution 9 (cont’d)
Half-cycle factor,
(1.263 1.191)
(4.42 4.0) 1.191
(5.0 4.0)
1.2212
Half-cycle RMS asymmetrical current,
IRMS/1/2 = (1.2212) x (5,660A) = 6,912A
70
Solution 9 (cont’d)
(b) Rc and Xc of #4/0 AWG cable (from table),
0.063
Rc 10 ft 0.00063
1000 R 0.063 / 1000 ft
0.051 X 0.051 / 1000 ft
Xc 10 ft 0.00051
1000
Rc and Xc (#4/0 AWG) referred to low voltage side of TR2,
2
415V
Rc 0.00063 0.00009
1100V
2
415V
Xc 0.00051 0.00007
1100V 71
Solution 9 (cont’d)
72
Solution 9 (cont’d)
Z sys
0.05743
X / R sys 1.87
74
Solution 9 (cont’d)
75
Solution 9 (cont’d)
Half-cycle factor,
(1.042 1.002)
(1.87 1.0) 1.002
(2.0 1.0)
1.0368
Half-cycle RMS asymmetrical current,
IRMS/1/2 = (1.0368) x (4,172A) = 4,326A
76
Short Circuit Analysis in
Single-phase
Systems
In single-phase system, the only possible fault is line-to-ground
fault across 240V.
The short circuit current is calculated as:
77
Example 10
Determine the rms symmetrical, rms asymmetrical, and peak short
circuit current magnitudes for a single-phase, line-to-ground fault
occurring at point F1 for the power system shown below.
78
Equivalent system
Three-phase: MVA = 65MVA@6.6kV, X/R = 3
Single-phase: ILG = 2kA, X/R = 2.4
50kVA
6600 – 415V
R = 1.9%
X = 2.2%
240V
Service
100ft #4/0 AWG AL,
Steel conduit
240V
0.1
Rc 2 100 ft 0.02
1000
0.051
Xc 2 100 ft 0.0102
1000
The Rc and Xc of the #12 AWG copper cable,
2.0
Rc 2 50 ft 0.2
1000
0.0541
Xc 2 50 ft 0.0054
1000
82
Solution 10 (cont’d)
Total impedances to F1,
Z total 0.2493
X / R ratio 0.2
83
Solution 10 (cont’d)
The rms symmetrical short circuit current,
240V
I rms 962.7 A
0.2493
The instantaneous peak factor = 1.4142, and the half-cycle rms
factor = 1.0.
84