4TH COFFEE 1

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2
4TH COFFEE

BY MUNAZZA SHAKEEL
 3

Introduction to
4TH COFFEE

developmental
biology
 EMBRYOLO 4

 The
GY
study of embryological stages is collectively
called as Embryology.
4TH COFFEE

Male gamete and female gamete egg fuse during

fertilization and form diploid zygote.
Zygote undergoes several mitotic divisions.
It passes through various embryological stages.
Then it forms multicellular organisms.
All these processes are included in embryology.
 DEVELOPMENTAL 5

BIOLOGY
 The study of embryonic and other developmental stages
is collectively called as Developmental biology.
4TH COFFEE

Development continues through out the life.

Most organisms never stop developing. For example:
 Each day we replace thousands of our skin cells.
Our bone marrow forms million s of new red blood
cells every minute.
Some animals can regenerate cut off parts
Many species undergo metamorphosis.
 MALE BODY FEMALE BO DY 6

SPERMS EGGS
4TH COFFEE

ZYGOTE

EMBRYO

FOETUS

INFANT
 1 Developmental stages in mother
●
7

2 Birth
●
4TH COFFEE

3 Maturity
●

4 Aging
●

5 Death
●
 8

TOPIC

PRINCIPLE
4TH COFFEE

FEATURES OF
DEVELOPMENT
 9

 Each of animal passes through similar syages of development.

The stages of development between fertilization and hatching
are collectively called embryogenesis.
The following are the processes of Embryogenesis:
4TH COFFEE

1. FERTILIZATION
2. CLEAVAGE
3. GASTRULATION
4. ORGANOGENESIS
5. METAMORPHOSIS
6. DISTINCTION BETWEEN GERM AND SOMATIC CELLS
7. SENESCENCE AND DEATH
 1. fertilization 10

 It involves the fusion of mature sex cells ( sperms and eggs ).

Sperms and eggs are collectively called the gametes.
The gamates fuse. It stimulates egg to start development and
4TH COFFEE

initiates a new individual.

Fusion of gamete nuclei form genome of embryo. Genome is
collection of genes. These genes instruct embryo to start
development similar to their parents.
 Fertilization is of two main types:
1. External fertilization
2. Internal fertilization
 2.CLEAVAGE 11

 Cleavage is a series of much

4TH COFFEE

rapid mitotic divisions start

immediately after fertilization.
 During cleavage, the zygote is
divided into numerous smaller
cells called blastomeres.
 Blastula is formed at end of
cleavage. Blastula is a sphere
of blastomeres.
 3. GASTRULATION 12

 The series of extensive cell arrangements after blastulation is

called gastrulation. Now the embryo is in gastrula stage.
Gastrulation forms three embryonic germ layers. These layers
4TH COFFEE

interact and form organs of body.

 4. organogenesis 13

The process of formation of tissue and organs from germ layers is

called organogensis.
The cells of germ layers interact with one another.
4TH COFFEE

They re arrange themselves to produce tissues and organs. This

Process is called ORGANOGENSIS.
Many organisms contains cells from more than one germ layer.
In some cases, outside of an organ is derived from one layer. But its
inside is derived from another layer.
For example, epidermis comes from ectoderm but its inner layer
(dermis) comes from mesoderm.
 14

During organogenesis, certain

cells undergo long migrations.
4TH COFFEE

They migrate from their place of

origin to their final location.
These migrating cells include
precursors of blood cells, lymph
cells, pigment cells and sex cells.
 5.METAMORPHOSIS 15

Organisms hatches from egg or it is born. In many species, it is

not sexually mature. Such organisms undergo metamorphosis.
4TH COFFEE

Then they become a sexually mature adult. In most animals,

young organism is called a larva.
Larva may look significantly different from the adult. For
example, larva of silk worm moths do not have mouthparts. It
cannot feed. Hence this larva must eat enough.
 Hence the adult has stored energy to survive and mate. Most
female moths mate as soon as they enclose from their pupa.
They fly once to lay their eggs. Then, they die.
 6.DISTINCTION BETWEEN 16

GERM AND SOMATIC CELLS

 This separation of germ cells and somatic cells is one of the
first differentiations. It occurs during animal development.
4TH COFFEE

 Germ cells :In many species, a group of cells get

separated. They produce next generation (rather than forming
the next embryo). These cells are the precursors of the
gametes. The gametes and their precursor cells are
collectively called germ cells. They are reserved for
reproductive function.
 Somatic cells : All the other cells of the body are called
the somatic cells.
 Gametogenesis is not 17

completed until
organism has become
physically mature.
 At maturity, gametes
may be released. They
4TH COFFEE

participate in
fertilization to begin a
new embryo.
 7.SENESCENSE AND 18

DEATH
 Senescense is the loss in the ability of a cell to grow and
reproduce. It is the condition or process of deterioration with age.
As the aging process starts, the adult organism undergoes
4TH COFFEE

senescence and dies.

 19
4TH COFFEE

THANK YOU!