Structural Design: Center For The Designed Environment Profession

COURSE OUTLINE Center for the Designed Environment
I. Principles of Static Professions, Inc. (CDEP)

Equilibrium
A. Definition of Terms
B. Force System
C. Free-Body Diagram
Module 1
Example 1
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural
Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
III. Analysis of Structure
A. Truss
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Center for the Designed Environment Profession
Example 9 # 2 Matulungin Street, House of Architects Building
Teachers Village, Quezon City 1
COURSE OUTLINE
Principles of Static Equilibrium
I. Principles of Static
Equilibrium
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
B. Force System
Example 1  Static Equilibrium
Example 2
– a body acted upon by a balanced force system is in equilibrium
Members – resultant is equal to zero
A. Axial – action and reaction forces between two particles are always equal
Example 3 and oppositely directed
B. Bending
C. Shear  Force is the action of one body upon another
Example 4
– due to direct contact
D. Torsion
Example 5 – due to magnetic or gravitational attraction
E. Bearing – generated by moving bodies - inertia force
Example 6
III. Analysis of Structure  Important characteristic of a force
A. Truss – magnitude
Example 7
– position or the point of application
Example 8
– direction
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
B. Force System
Example 1  Resultant
Example 2 is a single force, a couple, or a force and a couple which acting alone will produce the same effect as the force system
Illustration
Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing Force Couple Force/Couple
Example 6
A. Truss
 Principle of Transmissibility
Example 7 states that the external effect of a force on a body acted upon is
B. Beams and Girders independent of the point of application of the force but the same
Example 8 for all points along its line of action.
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. FORCE SYSTEM
B. Force System
Example 1 is an arrangement of any two or more forces that act on a body
Example 2 or on a group of related bodies.
Members Concurrent
A. Axial Coplanar
Example 3 Parallel
B. Bending
Non-concurrent, Nonparallel
C. Shear
Example 4 Force System
D. Torsion
Example 5 Concurrent
E. Bearing
Spatial Parallel
Example 6
III. Analysis of Structure Non-concurrent, Nonparallel
A. Truss Equation
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders F = 0
Example 8 M = 0
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. FORCE SYSTEM
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2 Illustration
Members COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM
A. Axial
Example 3 Non-concurrent,
Concurrent Parallel
B. Bending Non-Parallel
C. Shear
Example 4 y y T
y
D. Torsion
Example 5 A
T
E. Bearing T2
T2 P T1
Example 6 P
III. Analysis of Structure T1
A. Truss x P1
P2 x T3
x
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. FORCE SYSTEM
B. Force System
Example 1
Members SPATIAL FORCE SYSTEM
A. Axial
Example 3 Non-concurrent,
Concurrent Parallel
B. Bending Non-Parallel
C. Shear
Example 4 y y y
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing A
P2
Example 6
T2 P1
III. Analysis of Structure P
T1 P3 P2
A. Truss T2 x x x
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders P1
Example 8
C. Deflection z z z
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
B. Force System
Example 1 a sketch of a body showing the forces exerted by other bodies on
Example 2 the one being considered.
Members
A. Axial
Illustration
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear B RBh
Example 4 RBv
W
D. Torsion
Example 5 RBv RBh RBh
E. Bearing
Example 6 RBv
III. Analysis of Structure A RAh
A. Truss
Example 7
RAv
Example 8 Force System FBD of Bar AB FBD of Point B
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 1
B. Force System
Example 1 The table lamp consists of two uniform arms, each weighing 6N and
Example 2 a bulb fixture weighing 8N. If  = 700, calculate the couple MA that
II. Stresses of Structural must be supplied by the friction in joint A to maintain equilibrium.
Members
A. Axial Illustration
Solution
Example 3
B. Bending 100
6N Taking moments about point A
200 200
C. Shear M = 0 +
Example 4
D. Torsion 6N 0 = MA + 6 (x1) - 6 ( x2 ) - 8 ( x3 )
200
Example 5 8N But, x0 = 400cos70 = 136.8
E. Bearing x1 = 200cos70 = 68.4
x2 = 200 - x0 = 63.2
Example 6
MA x3 = 500 - x0 = 363.2
200
III. Analysis of Structure Rh Therefore,
A. Truss
Example 7 x2 x1 MA = -6(68.4) + 6 (63.2 ) + 8 (363.2 )
x3 x0
B. Beams and Girders MA = 2874.4 Nmm
Example 8 Rv
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 2
B. Force System
Example 1
A car weighing 14 KN with boom on the rear axle was designed to
Example 2
carry the 35 KN load. If the boom is 2 meters long and the center of
gravity of the car is 2.5 meter from the rear axle, determine the
Members smallest angle  at which the boom may be safely positioned.
A. Axial
Example 3 Illustration Solution
B. Bending Taking moments about point A
C. Shear MA = 0 +
2.
Example 4 0m
D. Torsion
0 = 14 (2.5) - 35 (x )
35KN  14KN
Example 5 But, x = 2cos
E. Bearing W Therefore,
Example 6
14 (2.5) = 35(2cos) /35
A B cos = 0.50
A. Truss
x 2.5m
Example 7  = cos-1 (0.50)
B. Beams and Girders RA RB = 0  = 600
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Stresses of Structural Members
Equilibrium
A. AXIAL DEFORMATION Load is acting parallel to member axis.
B. Force System
C. Free-Body Diagram Stress is uniform for homogenous sections.
Example 1
Example 2 Due to tension - tends to elongate the body
Members Due to compression - tends to shorten the body
A. Axial
B. Bending = P P
P A
C. Shear Where:
Example 4
D. Torsion  is the stress (MPa)
Example 5 P is the force (KN)
E. Bearing 
A is the are (m2)
Example 6
L ·D2
III. Analysis of Structure = for circle
A. Truss
4
Example 7 D is the diameter (m)
B. Beams and Girders L is the length (m)
Example 8 D  is the deformation (m)
C. Deflection P
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
A. AXIAL DEFORMATION
B. Force System
Example 1
From Hooke’s Law From Stress-Strain Curve
Example 2
Members
Using R&P  = E
A. Axial
 1
stress,  = P/A
Example 3
B. Bending Simplify  = E
C. Shear
Example 4 E  P =  E
D. Torsion 1 Substitute A L
Example 5
E. Bearing Simplify  = P ·L
 strain,  = /L A ·E
Example 6
A. Truss Where:
Example 7
E is the modulus of elasticity (MPa)
Example 8  is the unit deformation per unit length
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 3
B. Force System
Example 1 The rigid bar supported by a pin at Solution
Example 2 A and a steel cable at B, is to be Taking moments about point A
II. Stresses of Structural designed to carry the concentrated M = 0 +
Members 0 = 50 (5 ) - P(4 )
load of 50 KN at C. Calculate the
A. Axial
safe diameter of the cable if the P = 62.50 KN
Example 3 Solving the area required
allowable stress is 120 MPa. Using
B. Bending P Where P = 62.50
the computed area, calculate the =
C. Shear A   120 MPa
Example 4
elongation of the cable.
P 62.50x1000
D. Torsion A=  =
Illustration 120
Example 5 D2
E. Bearing
A = 520.83 mm2 =
4
Example 6 P 2m D = 25.78 mm
A B C Solving the maximum elongation
A. Truss
P ·L 62500·2000
Example 7 = =
B. Beams and Girders A ·E 520.83·200000
Example 8 4m 1m 50KN  = 1.20 mm
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. BENDING Stress due to a bending moment about the
B. Force System
C. Free-Body Diagram perpendicular axis of the member.
Example 1
Flexural Stress
Example 2 Illustration f
b
Members
A. Axial a W
M
NA 2
3 cF c
Example 3 2
3 c
B. Bending
F c
C. Shear
Example 4 Taking moments about the neutral axis
a
M = F·23 c + F·3 c
2
D. Torsion
L
M = F· 3 c c
4
Example 5
E. Bearing
Mc = F· 3 c2
4
Example 6 Section a-a But F is the resultant of the flexural stress

F = 2 f b c also, c = 12 h
1
A. Truss
Example 7 h Substituting
Mc = 2 f b  12 h ( 12 h)2 = f 121 bh3

1 4
B. Beams and Girders 3
Example 8 b
C. Deflection
f = Mc I
I
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
C. SHEAR
B. Force System Stress due to a load acting perpendicular to member axis.
Example 1 A. Shear stress perpendicular to member axis
Example 2
Members Illustration Section a-a
A. Axial b V
Example 3
B. Bending
a W h
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
a
 = V
III. Analysis of Structure L A
Where:
A. Truss
Example 7  is the shear stress, MPa
V is the shear force, N
Example 8
C. Deflection A is the cross sectional area, mm2
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
C. SHEAR
Example 1
B. Shear stress parallel to member axis
Example 2
Members
Illustration Section a-a
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear W
Example 4 W
D. Torsion
Example 5 h
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
L
b
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
C. SHEAR
Example 1 B. Shear stress parallel to member axis
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural Illustration
Members From the figure
A. Axial
V1
Example 3
M = 0 +
B. Bending
C. Shear 0 = V2 ·x + M2 - M1
Example 4 c
·c
D. Torsion
M2 Let, -(M2 - M1) = Mo =
Example 5 h I
M1 NA
·I
E. Bearing V2 ·x = Mo =
Example 6
c
c x= ·I
III. Analysis of Structure c·V2
A. Truss
Example 7 F = 0 +
B. Beams and Girders V2 V2 = V1 = V x = ·I
c·V
Example 8 x
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
C. SHEAR
Example 1 B. Shear stress parallel to member axis
b x
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural Illustration P1 ·b·x
Members
A. Axial
V1 P2
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear F = 0+ 0 = P1 - P2 - ·b·x
Example 4 c
D. Torsion
Let, (P1 - P2) = Po
M1 M2
Example 5 NA h ·b·x = Po = ½··c·b
E. Bearing
Example 6 x = ½··c·b but, x = ·I
P1 P2 c ·b c·V
½··c·b ·I
A. Truss
·b =
c·V
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders V2  = ½·c·b·c·V  = V·Q
Example 8 x I·b I·b
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 4
B. Force System
Example 1 Calculate the dimension of the Solution
Example 2 timber beam shown. Use Solve the maximum moment (at the support)
II. Stresses of Structural fb = 16.40 MPa
Members M = 5 (2) (1) + 2 (2)
fv = 3.80 MPa
A. Axial M = 14 KNm
fv// = 1.80 MPa
Example 3 Solve the maximum shear (at the support)
B. Bending
Neglect the beam weight.
C. Shear V = 5 (2) + 2
Example 4 Illustration V = 12 KN
D. Torsion P = 2 KN
Example 5 Flexural stress, fb  16.40 MPa
16.40  Mc
E. Bearing
w = 5 KN/m
Example 6 I
III. Analysis of Structure c (14x106) b
A. Truss 2b 16.40 
c (1/12) (b)(2b)3
Example 7 2m
B. Beams and Girders b b  108.6 mm
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 4 (cont’d)
B. Force System
Solution
Example 1 Calculate the dimension of the Shear stress  to grain, fv  3.80 MPa
timber beam shown. Use

3.80  V
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural fb = 16.40 MPa bh
Members fv = 3.80 MPa 12x103
A. Axial 3.80 
fv// = 1.80 MPa (b)(2b)
Example 3
B. Bending
Neglect the beam weight. b  39.70 mm  108.6
C. Shear Shear stress // to grain, fv//  1.80 MPa
D. Torsion P = 2 KN 1.80  VQ
Example 5
Ib 1
Q = (bb) 12 b = 2 b3
E. Bearing
w = 5 KN/m I = 121 b (2b)3 = 128 b4
Example 6
1
III. Analysis of Structure 1
b 1.80  (12x10
3
) 2 b3
A. Truss 2b 2
12 b (b)
8 4
Example 7 2m b  70.70 mm  108.6
B. Beams and Girders b
Example 8 Therefore b  108.6 mm
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
D. TORSION Stress due to moment about the member axis.
B. Force System
Example 1
Solution
Example 2
Illustration dT = dPr dP = dA

II. Stresses of Structural L  = max r
Members
R
A. Axial
dA = rd dr
Example 3 max
dT = r (rddr) r
B. Bending R
C. Shear T max 3
=  r dr
dr  d
Example 4 R
D. Torsion
max
 r4 R
 
2
=
R4
= J
4 0 0 2
Example 5
E. Bearing  D max
T = max = TR
(J)
dP  R
r·d
Example 6 J
III. Analysis of Structure dT d  R max
A. Truss  = = =
E L L G
Example 7
G= R TR
2(1 + )  = TL
B. Beams and Girders =
r dr
Example 8 L JG GJ
R
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 5
B. Force System
The shaft with effective length of 4 Solution
Example 1
Example 2 meters is to be designed to carry a Solve the radius due torsion
II. Stresses of Structural 60 KNm torque. If the allowable max = TR  120 MPa
Members torsional stress is 120 MPa, calculate J
A. Axial the required diameter of the shaft. T = 60x106 Nmm
Example 3 Using the calculated diameter, what J = 12  R4
B. Bending is the angle of twist if E = 200 GPa Substitute
C. Shear
and  = 0.25. (60x106) R
Example 4  120
D. Torsion Illustration
1
2
 R4
Example 5
4.0 m R  68.30 mm
E. Bearing Solve the angle of twist
Example 6
 = TL
III. Analysis of Structure GJ
A. Truss (60x106) (4000)
Example 7 =
200000 (80000) 12  (68.30)4
B. Beams and Girders G=
2(1 + 0.25) D  = 0.08 radian
Example 8
= 80000 MPa T
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
E. BEARING Stress due to direct contact between two bodies.
B. Force System
b a
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural T/2 t T T T
Members
A. Axial T/2
Example 3
a
B. Bending Section a-a d
C. Shear b
Example 4
t = T = T
d A t (b - d)
b = T = T
D. Torsion
Example 5 A t (d)
E. Bearing where
Example 6
t is the tensile stress, MPa
III. Analysis of Structure t
b is the bearing stress, MPa
A. Truss
Example 7 A is the area, mm2
B. Beams and Girders t is the thickness of plate, mm
t
Example 8
b b is the width of the plate, mm
C. Deflection t d is the diameter, mm
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 6
B. Force System
Example 1 In the figure, three steel plates with allowable tension stress of 140 MPa
Example 2 and allowable bearing stress of 120 MPa were joined together using
II. Stresses of Structural 16mm  rivet with allowable shearing stress of 80 MPa. If the plates are
Members of the same width, b = 50 mm, thickness of plate 1, t 1 = 4 mm, thickness
A. Axial
of plate 2, t2 = 6 mm, calculate the permissible axial load T.
Example 3
B. Bending Illustration Solution
C. Shear Due to tensile stress, t  140 MPa
Considering plate 1  t1 = 4 mm, axial force = T/2
Example 4
T/2 t1
t2 T/2
D. Torsion T 140  T/2 =
Example 5 A t (b - d)
T/2 t1 T/2
E. Bearing 140  T  38080 N
Example 6
b 4 (50 - 16)
III. Analysis of Structure Considering plate 2  t2 = 6 mm, axial force = T
A. Truss T T T
Example 7 140  T =
A t (b - d)
T
Example 8 140  T  28560 N
d 6 (50 - 16)
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
A. Axial
Example 3
C. Shear Due to bearing stress, b  120 MPa
Example 4
T/2 t1 Considering plate 1  t1 = 4 mm, axial force = T/2
t2
D. Torsion T T/2
Example 5 120  T/2 =
A t (d)
E. Bearing T/2 t1 T/2
Example 6 120  T  15360 N
b 4 (16)
III. Analysis of Structure Considering plate 2  t2 = 6 mm, axial force = T
A. Truss T T
T
Example 7 120  T =
A t (d)
T
Example 8 120  T  11520 N
d 6 (16)
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
A. Axial
Example 3
C. Shear Due to shear stress, v  120 MPa
Considering plate 1  axial force = T/2, 1-shear plane
Example 4
T/2 t1
t2 T/2
D. Torsion T 80  T/2 =  2
Example 5 A 4 (d)
E. Bearing T/2 t1 T/2
80   T  32170 N
4 (16)
2
Example 6
b
III. Analysis of Structure Considering plate 2  axial force = T, 2-shear plane
T T T
A. Truss
80  T = 
Example 7 A (2) 4 (d)2
T
B. Beams and Girders 80   T  32170 N
Example 8 (2) 4 (16)2
d
C. Deflection Therefore, T  11520 N
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Analysis of Structure
Equilibrium
A. TRUSS
B. Force System
Example 1 Truss is an articulated structure composed of links or bars assumed
Example 2 to be connected by frictionless pins at the joints and arranged so that
II. Stresses of Structural an area enclosed within the boundaries of the structure is subdivided
Members by the bars into geometric figures which are usually triangles.
A. Axial
Example 3
Types of Truss
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4 For Roofs For Bridges
D. Torsion Pratt Truss Through Pratt Truss
Example 5
Howe Truss Through Howe Truss
E. Bearing
Example 6 Fink Truss Deck Warren Truss
Modified Fink Truss Through Warren Subdivided
A. Truss
Example 7 Bowstring Truss K-Truss
B. Beams and Girders Cresent Truss Lattice/Parker/Baltimore
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
A. TRUSS
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2
Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
A. TRUSS
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2
Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
A. TRUSS
B. Force System
Example 1
 Methods of Analyzing Truss Structures
Example 2 A. Method of Joints
II. Stresses of Structural  Joints are in equilibrium
Members  Axial forces of members enclosing a triangle forms a force polygon
A. Axial
 Analysis must start at a joint with known external forces and must
Example 3
have two members connecting that joint
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4 B. Method of Sections
D. Torsion  Cut a section across truss length passing members with unknown
Example 5 forces that is not more than 3 to provide non-concurrent force system.
E. Bearing  Analyze the FBD of the section with less number of forces or the
Example 6 convenient one.
III. Analysis of Structure  Assume any direction of the member force and choose an arbitrary
A. Truss point to solve for one unknown using the equilibrium equation M = 0.
Example 7 The positive calculated value indicates that the assumed direction is
B. Beams and Girders correct. On the other hand, the negative value indicates that the
Example 8 assumed direction is wrong but the magnitude is correct.
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 7
B. Force System
Example 1 In the figure shown, calculate
Example 2 a) the member forces using method of joints
b) the member forces using method of sections.
Members
A. Axial Figure
Example 3 10Kn 10Kn
B. Bending 2 3 4
FV = 0 +
C. Shear 5 2
8 8 2 4 5 2.0m
Example 4 1 3
4
2 2 3
5
0 = R5 + R1V - 10 -10 - 5
2
(10)
8 7 6
D. Torsion
10Kn 5
2
 R5 = 14.47 KN
1
Example 5
FH = 0 +
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m
E. Bearing
R1V R5
Example 6 0 = R1H - 5
1 (10)
III. Analysis of Structure Solution

Solve the support reactions
R1H = 4.47 KN
A. Truss
Example 7 M5 = 0 +
B. Beams and Girders 2 (10)(3.5)
0 = R1V (7) - 10(5.5) - 10 (1.5) - 5
Example 8
C. Deflection R1V = 14.47 KN
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
10K 10K
Example 1 a) Using Method n
n
Example 2
of Joints 2 3 4

Members 8
5
4 2 8
2
5 2.0m
A. Axial F12 2
4
3
F28 2 3
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
Example 3 5
B. Bending F18 F18 F78

8 7 6

C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
E. Bearing Consider joint 1 Consider joint 8
Example 6 FV = 0 + FV = 0 +

4
III. Analysis of Structure 0 = R1V - F12 5
0 = F28
A. Truss F12 = 18.09 KN (C) F28 = 0
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders FH = 0 + FH = 0 +
3
Example 8 0 = 4.47 + F18 - 5 F12 0 = F78 - F18
C. Deflection F18 = 6.38 KN (T) F78 = 6.38 KN (T)
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
10K 10K
n
Example 2 F23 F23 F34
of Joints 2 3 4
II. Stresses of Structural F12

F27
Members F28 8 F37
5
4 2 8
2
5 2.0m
A. Axial F12 2
4
3
F28 2 3
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
Example 3 5
B. Bending F18 F18 F78

8 7 6

C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
Example 6 FV = 0 + FV = 0 +

2
III. Analysis of Structure 0= 4
5 F12 - 10 - F28 - 8 F27 0 = F37
A. Truss F27 = 6.32 KN (T) F37 = 0
Example 7
2
Example 8 0 = 35 F12 - F23 + 8 F27 0 = F23 - F34
C. Deflection F23 = 15.32 KN (C) F34 = 15.32 KN (C)
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
10K 10K
n
Example 2 F23 F23 F34
of Joints 2 3 4

F27
Members F28 8 F37
5 2 8 5 2.0m
F12 4
F272 F37 2 4
A. Axial 3
F28 2
F46 3
R1H = 4.47 KN 1 F47
Example 3 5
B. Bending F18 F18 F78 8 F78 F67 7 F67 F56 6


C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
Example 6 FV = 0 + FV = 0 +

2
2
0 = 8 2
F27 + 8 F47 - F37 - 5 (10) 0 = F46
A. Truss F47 = 6.33 KN (T) F46 = 0
Example 7
2
Example 8 0 = F67 + 8 F47 - 8
2 1
F27 - F78 - 5 (10) 0 = F56 - F67
C. Deflection F67 = 10.85 KN (T) F56 = 10.85 KN (T)
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
10K 10K
n
Example 2 F23 F23 FF3434
of Joints 2 3 4
II. Stresses of Structural F12 F47

F27 F45
Members F28 8 F37 F46
5 2 8 5 2.0m
F12 4
F272 F37 2 4
F45 3
A. Axial 3
F28 2
F46
R1H = 4.47 KN 1 F47
Example 3 5
B. Bending F18 F18 F78 8 F78 F67 7 F67 F56 F656 
C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6 Consider joint 4 To check, isolate joint 5
III. Analysis of Structure FH = 0 + FV = 0 +
A. Truss 2 4
0 = F34 - 8
F47 - 3
5
F45 R5 = 5 F45
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders F45 = 18.07 KN (C) 14.47 = 14.47
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
C. Free-Body Diagram 10K
10K
Example 1 a) Using Method n n
Example 2
of Sections 2 3 4

Members F12 8
5
2 8
2 4
5 2.0m
A. Axial 3
4 2 2 3
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
Example 3 5
B. Bending F18 8 7 6

C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6 Solve F12 Solve F18
III. Analysis of Structure M8 = 0 + M2 = 0 +

A. Truss 0 = R1V (1.5) - 35 F12 (2) 0 = R1V (1.5) - R1H (2) - F18 (2)
Example 7 F18 = 6.38 KN (T)
F12 = 18.09 KN (C)
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
10K
Example 1 a) Using Method nF n
Example 2
of Sections
23 3 4
2

Members 8
5
2 8
2 4
5 2.0m
A. Axial 3
4 2 2 3
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
Example 3 5
B. Bending 8
F78 7 6

C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
Solve F78
E. Bearing Solve F27
Example 6
M2 = 0 + M1 = 0 +
0 = R1V (1.5) - R1H (2) - F78 (2) 2
0 = 10(1.5) - F23 (2) + 8 F27 (3.5)
A. Truss F78 = 6.39 KN (T) F = 6.32 KN (T) 27
Example 7 Solve F23
B. Beams and Girders M7 = 0 +

Example 8 0 = R1V (3.5) - 10 (2) - F23 (2)
C. Deflection F23 = 15.32 KN (C)
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
10K
Example 1 a) Using Method n F34
n
Example 2
of Sections 2 3 4

Members 8
5
2
F8 2 4
5 2.0m
47
A. Axial 3
4 2 2 3
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
Example 3 5
B. Bending 8
F67
7 6

C. Shear
10K 5
2
Example 4 n 1
1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

D. Torsion
R1V = 14.47 KN R5 = 14.47 KN
Example 5
Solve F34
E. Bearing Solve F47
Example 6
M7 = 0 + M6 = 0 +
0 = F34 (2) + 10 (2) - R5 (3.5) 0 = F34 (2) - R5 (1.5) -
2
8 F47 (2)
A. Truss F34 = 15.32 KN (C) F = 6.32 KN (T) 47
Example 7 Solve F67
B. Beams and Girders M4 = 0 +

Example 8 0 = F67 (2) - R5 (1.5)
C. Deflection F67 = 10.85 KN (T)
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. BEAMS AND GIRDERS
B. Force System
Example 1 Beams and girders are usually a horizontal or nearly horizontal
Example 2 element carrying a stress primarily due to shear and flexure. It usually
II. Stresses of Structural carry a load directly from the floor.
Members
A. Axial Determinate Structure is a structure in which the reaction components
Example 3
and internal stresses can be completely determined using the
B. Bending
equations of static equilibrium.
C. Shear
Example 4
Static Equations Fx = 0
D. Torsion Fy = 0
Example 5 M = 0
E. Bearing
Example 6 Indeterminate Structure is a stable structure in which the reaction
III. Analysis of Structure components and internal stress cannot be solved completely using
A. Truss the equations of static equilibrium.
Example 7
Degree of Indeterminacy refers to the number of unknowns over and
Example 8
above the equations of static equilibrium.
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 8
B. Force System
Example 1 Draw the shear and moment Solution
Example 2 diagram of the beam loaded as Solve the reactions and plot the V-D diagram
II. Stresses of Structural shown below. For RA, MB = 0 +
Members
A. Axial Figure 0 = RA (5) - 10 (5)(2.5)
Example 3 RA = 25 KN
B. Bending P = 15 KN
w = 10 KN/m For RB, FV = 0 +
C. Shear 1
Example 4 0 = RA + RB - (5)
0
D. Torsion A B C D RB = 25 KN
Example 5 5m 2m 4m
For RC, MD = 0 +
E. Bearing
Example 6 P = 15 KN 0 = RC (4) - 15 (2) - 10 (6)(3) - 25(6)
RB = 25
III. Analysis of Structure RC = 90 KN

w = 10 KN/m w = 10 KN/m
A. Truss
B
Example 7 A B C D For RD, FV = 0 +
1
B. Beams and Girders 0 = RC + RD - (6) - 25 - 15
5m 2m 4m
Example 8
RA RB RC RD 0
RD = 10 KN
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 8 (cont’d) Solution
B. Force System
C. Free-Body Diagram Plot the shear diagram
Example 1 V A = RA VA = +25 KN
Example 2
Figure
VB = VA - 10 (5) VB = -25 KN
II. Stresses of Structural P = 15 KN 1
Members w = 10 KN/m VC = VB - (2) VC = -45 KN
L
0 L
A. Axial V C = VC
R L + RC VC = +45 KN
R
Example 3 1
A B C D VF = VC - (2) VF = +25 KN
B. Bending
L R
0
1
L
5m 2m 4m V F = VF - VF = +10 KN
C. Shear RA = 25 RC = 90 RD = 10
R L
5
1
R
Example 4 VD = VF - (2) VD = -10 KN

A
2.5
E
2.5
B
2.0
C
2.0
F G
1.0 1.0
D
B
0
D. Torsion +45 Plot the moment diagram
Example 5
E. Bearing
+25 +25
+10
MA = 0 Pinned support
Example 6 ME = MA + (25)(2.5) ME = +31.25
III. Analysis of Structure +31.25
-25
-10
MB = ME +  (-25) (2.5) MB = 0
-45
A. Truss +5 MC = MB +  (-25 - 45)(2) MC = -70
0 0 0
Example 7 MF = MC + (25 + 45)(2) MF = 0
MG = MF + (10)(1) MG = +5
Example 8
C. Deflection
-70
MD = MG + (-10) (1) MD = 0
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Analysis Structure
Equilibrium
C. DEFLECTION
B. Force System
Example 1 Derived deflection formula due to flexure
Example 2
Members w P
5wL4 PL3
A. Axial = =
384EI 48EI
Example 3 L L
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4 w P
D. Torsion wL 4 PL3
= =
Example 5 384EI 192EI
L L
E. Bearing
Example 6
III. Analysis of Structure w P
wL4 PL3
A. Truss = =
8EI 3EI
Example 7
L L
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
C DEFLECTION
B. Force System
Example 1 Allowable deflections
Example 2
 L/240 for members supporting or attached to non-structural
Members elements not likely to be damaged by large deflection
A. Axial
Example 3  L/360 for members not supporting or attached to non-
B. Bending
structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections
C. Shear
(immediate deflection due to live load only)
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5  L/180 for members carrying flat roofs not supporting or
E. Bearing attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by
Example 6 large deflections
A. Truss
Example 7
 L/480 for members roof or floor construction supporting or
B. Beams and Girders attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by
Example 8 large deflections
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
D. FRAMES
B. Force System
Example 1  Rigid or Semi Rigid Frame
Example 2  Frame with Shear Truss
II. Stresses of Structural  Frame with Shear Wall
Members  Frame with Shear Truss/Outrigger
A. Axial  Frame with Shear Wall/Outrigger
Example 3  Exterior Diagonalized Tube
B. Bending
C. Shear Illustration
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Exterior
Example 8 Rigid/Semi Frame with Frame with Frame with Shear Frame with Shear
Diagonalized
Rigid Frame Shear Truss Shear Wall Truss/Outrigger Wall/Outrigger
Tube
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
D. FRAMES USING PORTAL METHOD
B. Force System
Example 1 Assumptions:
Example 2  Inflection points are at midspan of all members
II. Stresses of Structural  Shear of interior columns is twice the shear of exterior columns
Members  Summation of horizontal shear on columns at certain level is
A. Axial equal to the sum of all horizontal forces above that level
Example 3
B. Bending Illustration FRDCK
C. Shear
Example 4 FR 2FR 2FR FR
D. Torsion F4TH
Example 5
F4 2F4 2F4 F4
E. Bearing
Example 6 F3RD
III. Analysis of Structure F3 2F3 2F3 F3
A. Truss F2ND
Example 7
F2 2F2 2F2 F2
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
EXAMPLE 9
B. Force System Calculate the shear and moment of the frame shown.
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
Members VRD 2VRD 2VRD VRD
A. Axial
3m MI = 0 +
30 KN E
0 = VRD (1.5) - VIJ (4)
F G H
Example 3
B. Bending 4m VIJ = 3.75 KN
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4
D. Torsion 8m 8m 8m F = 0 +
Example 5
0 = 60 - VRD - AIJ
E. Bearing
Example 6
AIJ = 50 KN
Solution Isolate Joint I 4m
III. Analysis of Structure Solve VRD 60 KN I AIJ
A. Truss F = 0 +
F = 0 +
Example 7 1.5m VIJ
B. Beams and Girders 0 = 60 - 6 (VRD) 0 = VIJ - AIE
Example 8 VRD = 10 KN VRD AIE = 3.75 KN
C. Deflection AIE
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
A. Axial
3m MJ = 0 +
30 KN
0 = 2VRD(1.5) - VIJ (4) - VJK(4)
E F G H
Example 3
B. Bending 4m VJK = 3.75 KN
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4
Example 5
0 = AIJ - 2 (VRD) - AJK
E. Bearing
Example 6
AJK = 30 KN
Solution Isolate Joint J
III. Analysis of Structure Solve VRD 4m 4m
A. Truss
AIJ J AJK
F = 0 + F = 0 +
Example 7
VIJ 1.5m VJK 0 = VJK - VIJ - AJF
B. Beams and Girders 0 = 60 - 6 (VRD)
Example 8 VRD = 10 KN 2VRD AJF = 0
C. Deflection AJF
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural 60 KN I J K L

A. Axial 3m MK = 0 +
30 KN
Example 3
E F G H
0 = 2VRD(1.5) - VJK(4) - VKL(4)
B. Bending 4m VKL = 3.75 KN
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4
Example 5
0 = AJK - 2 (VRD) - AKL
E. Bearing
Example 6
AKL = 10 KN
Solution Isolate Joint K
III. Analysis of Structure Solve VRD 4m 4m
A. Truss
AJK K AKL
F = 0 + F = 0 +
Example 7
VJK 1.5m VKL 0 = VKL - VJK - AKG
Example 8 VRD = 10 KN 2VRD AKG = 0
C. Deflection AKG
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
A. Axial
3m ML = 0 +
30 KN E
0 = VRD (1.5) - VKL (4)
F G H
Example 3
B. Bending 4m VKL = 3.75 KN
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4
Example 5
0 = AKL - VRD
E. Bearing
Example 6
AKL = 10 KN
Solution Isolate Joint L
III. Analysis of Structure Solve VRD 4m
A. Truss
AKL L
F = 0 + F = 0 +
Example 7
VKL 1.5m
0 = ALH - VKL
Example 8 VRD = 10 KN VRD ALH = 3.75 KN
C. Deflection ALH
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
Members
A. Axial
3m ME = 0 +
40 KN E
0 = VRD (1.5) + V2ND (2) - VEF(4)
F G H
Example 3
V2ND 2V2ND 2V2ND V2ND
B. Bending 4m VEF = 12.08 KN
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4
Example 5
Isolate Joint E
0 = VRD + 40 - AEF - V2ND
E. Bearing
Example 6 Solution VRD AIE AEF = 33.33 KN
III. Analysis of Structure Solve V2ND 4m
1.5m
A. Truss F = 0 + 40 E AEF F = 0 +
Example 7
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND) 2.0m VEF 0 = AIE + VEF - AEA
B. Beams and Girders V2ND
Example 8
V2ND = 16.67 KN AEA = 15.83 KN
C. Deflection AEA
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
Members
A. Axial
3m MF = 0 +
40 KN E
0 = 2VRD(1.5) + 2V2ND (2)
F G H
Example 3
B. Bending 4m - VEF (4) - VFG(4)
C. Shear A B C D
VFG = 12.08 KN
Example 4
D. Torsion 8m 8m 8m
E. Bearing Isolate Joint F
2VRD AJF 0 = AEF + 2VRD - AFG - 2V2ND
Example 6 Solution
Solve V2ND 4m 4m AFG = 20 KN
1.5m
A. Truss F = 0 + AEF F AFG
Example 7
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND) 2.0m V F = 0 +
B. Beams and Girders VFG
V2ND = 16.67 KN
EF
2V2ND 0 = AJF + VFG - AFB - VEF
Example 8
C. Deflection AFB AFB = 0 KN
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
Members
A. Axial
3m MG = 0 +
40 KN E
0 = 2VRD(1.5) + 2V2ND (2)
F G H
Example 3
B. Bending 4m - VFG(4) - VGH(4)
C. Shear A B C D
VGH = 12.08 KN
Example 4
D. Torsion 8m 8m 8m
E. Bearing Isolate Joint G
2VRD AKG 0 = AFG + 2VRD - AGH - 2V2ND
Example 6 Solution
Solve V2ND 4m 4m AGH = 6.67 KN
1.5m
A. Truss F = 0 + AFG G AGH
Example 7
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND) 2.0m V F = 0 +
B. Beams and Girders VGH
V2ND = 16.67 KN
FG
2V2ND 0 = AKG + VGH - AGC - VFG
Example 8
C. Deflection AGC AGC = 0 KN
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
Members
A. Axial
3m MH = 0 +
40 KN E
0 = VRD(1.5) + V2ND (2) - VGH(4)
F G H
Example 3
B. Bending 4m 12.08 = 12.08 KN
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4
D. Torsion 8m 8m 8m
F = 0 +
Example 5 0 = AGH + VRD - V2ND
E. Bearing Isolate Joint H
VRD ALH 16.67 = 16.67
Example 6 Solution
Solve V2ND 4m
1.5m
A. Truss F = 0 + AGH H F = 0 +
Example 7
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND) 0 = AHD - ALH - VGH
B. Beams and Girders VGH 2.0m
V2ND = 16.67 KN V2ND AHD = 15.83 KN
Example 8
C. Deflection AHD
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
60 KN I J K L
MIE = MEI = VRD (1.5) = 15 KNm
Members MJF = MFJ = 2VRD (1.5) = 30 KNm
3m
A. Axial
40 KN E F G H
MKG = MJK = 2VRD (1.5) = 30 KNm
Example 3
B. Bending
V2ND 2V2ND 2V2ND V2ND MLH = MHL = VRD (1.5) = 15 KNm
4m
C. Shear A B C D
Example 4 MEF = MFE = VEF (4) = 48.3 KNm
D. Torsion 8m 8m 8m
MFG = MGF =VFG(4) = 48.3 KNm
Example 5
E. Bearing MGH = MHG = VGH(4)= 48.3 KNm
Example 6 Solution
Solve the moments
III. Analysis of Structure MEA = MAE = V2ND (2)= 33.3 KNm
A. Truss
MIJ = MJI = VIJ (4) = 15 KNm MFB = MBF = 2V2ND(2)= 66.7 KNm
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders MJK = MKJ = VJK (4) = 15 KNm MGC = MCG = 2V2ND (2)= 66.7 KNm
Example 8
MKL = MLK = VKL (4) = 15 KNm MHD = MDH = V2ND (2) = 33.3 KNm
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural I J K L
Members
A. Axial
Example 3 3m
B. Bending
C. Shear E F G H
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5 4m
E. Bearing
A B C D
Example 6
A. Truss
8m 8m 8m
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
COURSE OUTLINE
END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2
Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames

Structural Design: Center For The Designed Environment Profession

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Structural Design: Center For The Designed Environment Profession

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COURSE OUTLINE Center for the Designed Environment

I. Principles of Static Professions, Inc. (CDEP)

Example 6 Section a-a But F is the resultant of the flexural stress

Mc = 2 f b  12 h ( 12 h)2 = f 121 bh3

timber beam shown. Use

III. Analysis of Structure Solution

II. Stresses of Structural

B. Bending F18 F18 F78

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

Example 6 FV = 0 + FV = 0 +

II. Stresses of Structural F12

B. Bending F18 F18 F78

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

Example 6 FV = 0 + FV = 0 +

II. Stresses of Structural F12

B. Bending F18 F18 F78 8 F78 F67 7 F67 F56 6

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

Example 6 FV = 0 + FV = 0 +

II. Stresses of Structural F12 F47

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

II. Stresses of Structural

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

III. Analysis of Structure M8 = 0 + M2 = 0 +

II. Stresses of Structural F27

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

B. Beams and Girders M7 = 0 +

II. Stresses of Structural

1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.5m

B. Beams and Girders M4 = 0 +

III. Analysis of Structure RC = 90 KN

Example 4 VD = VF - (2) VD = -10 KN

Members VRD 2VRD 2VRD VRD

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