6 Respiration

6.1 Respiration releases energy from

food.

 Respiration 呼吸
 Oxidation 氧化：

Energy can be released from by com

bining it with oxygen. This is called oxid
ation.
6.2 Respiration oxidises sugars in sta
ges.

 In a cell ， during respiration ， sugar

is oxidised very gradually in a series of
small ， controlled reactions.
The reactions are controlled by enzyme
s.
sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

 Balanced equation ：
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is the energy released in respirati
on used for ？

 It could be used for active transport ， or for mo

ving things around inside the cell ， or for buildi
ng up proteins.
 It could be used for cell division and growth.
 If the cell is a muscle cell ， energy will be used
for contraction.
 If the cell is a nerve cell ， it will be used for tra
nsmitting nerve impulses.
 Some of the energy will be released in the form
of heat.
6.3 Respiration sometimes occurs
without oxygen.

 aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸

 anaerobic respiration 无氧呼吸

glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

（ Yeast ）
glucose lactic acid + energy

（ Muscle cells ）
6.4 Gaseous exchange occurs at gas
exchange surfaces ．

 The part of the organism through which

oxygen enters the body is called the g
as exchange surface ．
 6.5 Gaseous exchange occurs in the re
spiratory system ．

 Nasal cavity 鼻腔
 Lung 肺
 Pharynx 咽
 Larynx 喉
 Windpipe 、 trachea 气管
 Bronchi 支气管
The nose and mouth

 Palate 腭
 Hard palate 硬腭
 Soft palate 软腭
It’s better to breathe through your
nose.

 Turbinal bones
鼻甲骨
 Cilia 纤毛
The trachea 气管

 Epiglottis 会厌（软骨）
This closes the trachea and stops food g
oing down the trachea when you swallow ．
 voice box 、 larynx 喉
The bronchi 支气管

 the right bronchi

右支气管
 the left bronchi
左支气管
 Bronchioles 细支气管
The alveoli 肺泡
 They are very thin ．
 They have an excellent transport system ．
pulmonary artery 肺动脉、 capillarities 毛细
血管、 pulmonary vein 肺静脉
 They have a large surface area.
over 100m2
 They have a good supply of oxygen.
鼻腔中的鼻甲骨

软腭
鼻孔

硬腭 咽

口腔 会厌

声带 食道
喉

气管

支持气管的软骨
 喉

气管

肋间外肌
环状软骨、软骨环

肋间内肌 左肺

左支气管
胸膜

心脏
胸水

细支气管 横膈

肺泡
 脊椎

胸骨

肋间外肌

肋间内肌

肋骨

胸腔 右肺
6.12 Exercise can create an oxygen d
ebt ．

 oxygen debt 氧债
 anaerobic respiration ：
glucose lactic acid + energy
 Smoking

 Cigarette smoking damages lungs and

heart ．
 Bronchitis 支气管炎
 Nicotine 烟碱，尼古丁
 Tar 焦油
 Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳 CO
6.14 Nicotine is addictive ．

 Nicotine affects the brain ．

It is a stimulant 兴奋剂， which means that it ma
kes you feel more alert and active ．
 Nicotine is a very poisonous substance ．
 Nicotine is addictive ．
Once your body has got used to it ， it is very ha
rd to do without it ．
6.15 Tar increases the chances of getti
ng Iung cancer ．

 Cancer 癌症
 chronic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎
 Emphysema 肺气肿
6.16 Carbon monoxide cuts down oxy
gen supply ．

在肺部，血红蛋白中
血红素的 Fe2+ 与氧结合
成为氧合血红蛋白，随
血液流到机体的各个组
织器官，放出氧，供体
内氧化用。同时血红蛋
白结合血液中的二氧化碳，携带到肺部呼出，人
的呼吸作用就是这样反复进行的过程。
血红蛋白也能与一
氧化碳结合，而且结
合能力很强，是氧气
的 200 倍。结合了一
氧化碳的血红蛋白不
能再与氧气结合，人就
会缺氧窒息死亡。这就是煤气中毒的原因。香烟
的烟气中含有几百种有毒物质，其中就有一氧
化碳。因此，吸烟有损健康。
6.17 Smoking will be the biggest killer
．

 the World Health Organisation (WHO)

世界卫生组织
 tuberculosis 肺结核
 光合作用 呼吸作用

以 CO2 为原料 以 O2 和有机物为原料

产生有机物糖类和 O2 产生 CO2 和 H2O

仅有含有叶绿素的细胞 活的细胞都能进行呼
才能进行光合作用 吸作用
在光照下或黑暗里都
只有光照下发生
可以发生