2/1 DIRECT SHEAR

 Scissors
 Shear stress still Force/Area
 but different area
 Strain still deflection over length
 but angular distortion at right angles
 =angle in radians (for small strains)
2/2 EQUALITY OF STRESSES
DEFINITION OF STRAIN
Angle  = /L
V Area A
  y

Original z
L
x

V
Shear Force V Shear Stress  = V/A
Shear Strain  = /L
2/3 EQUALITY OF MOMENTS
 But that block is not in EQUILIBRIUM
 It will rotate
 There must be a matching pair of
shears
2/4 SHEAR COUPLES
Angle /2 = /2L
V Area A


Original L


V
Shear Force V Shear Stress  = V/A
Shear Strain  = /L
2/5 Sign Conventions
What is a positive direct stress?
What is a positive shear stress?
What is a positive moment?
What is a positive force?
What is a positive BENDING moment?
2/6 Sign for Force and Stress
Y
Negative X Face
Area A

Z Positive X Face
-Fx Area A

Fx
x = -Fx/-A = +Fx/+A X
2/7 Sign for Shear Force & Stress
Y
Vxy Negative X Face
Direction Area A

Face Z Positive X Face

Area A
-Vxy
Vxy
 = -V/-A =+V/+A X
2/8 Sign for Moments and Rotations
Y
Y

z,Mz
Z X

X
2/9 SIGN CONVENTION
 +ve faces – outward normal pointing towards
+ve direction
 -ve faces – pointing towards origin
 +ve shear stress – acts on a +ve face in a
+ve dirn or a –ve face in a –ve dirn
 +ve shear strain – when angle between two
+ve or two –ve faces is reduced.
 +ve shear stresses give +ve shear strains
2/10 PURE SHEAR
 No normal stresses
 Pure shear means no change of length
 Can only apply in one direction
 Pure shear produces (implies)
 Diagonal Tension
 Diagonal Compression
2/11 SHEAR TESTS
 Stress–strain diagram in shear ( vs )
 Hooke’s Law in shear  = G.
 G = Shear Modulus of Elasticity
 Same units as E (Pa), steel = 75GPa
 G = E/(2[1+])
 G,E and  not independent elastic props
 0<<0.5 so E/3<G<E/2
2/12 BOLT IN SINGLE SHEAR
2/13 BOLT IN SINGLE SHEAR
 2/14 PIN IN DOUBLE SHEAR
2V V

ave=V/A
2/15 Shear failure of wood
block in compression
2/16 OTHER CAUSES OF
SHEAR
 Shear also appears in torsion