BASIC OF

PUMP AND PUMPING

By Dr.Sukirno M.Eng
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

It will only operate if the

impeller is immersed in
liquid.

As the motor rotates,

The fluid is engaged in
by rotating impeller

The Fluid flow from the centre to the rim, pass through
diffuser where pressure head is rapidly built up.
 ROLE OF IMPELLER & DIFFUSER

impeller :
converts driver
energy into the
kinetic energy. 

diffuser :
converts the
kinetic energy into
pressure energy
BERNOULLI EQUATION
OF FLOW THROUGH 3
IMPELLER
1  2 Impeler
Action of rotating impeller 1 2
increases fluid velocity or
kinetic energy

P V 2 dW
 gz    F12
 2 dm

 dW V22

dm 2
 BERNOULLI EQ. THROUGH DIFFUSER

2  3 Difuser
3
Convert kinetic
energy to pressure

P V 2 dW 1 2
 gz    F23
 2 dm

( P3  P2 ) V22 V  r

 2

( P3  P2 ) r22 ( DN ) 2
 
g 2g g

impeller will drive all fluids to the same height

Head  f (D, N) if the shaft is turning at the same N rpm. 
 ( P3  P2 ) r22 ( DN ) 2
 
g 2g g

P3  P2 P3  P1 P ( DN ) 2
Head    
g g g 2g

All pump with the same d and rpm, when pumping

different liquid, will give the same head.
The higher ρ, the more pressure discharge is become.
(go to problem 9.8 and 9.9 p.352)

Thus CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS is a

constant head machines
Go to problem
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PRESSURE
9.5. Question : Pd = ?
A pump is used to pump mercury.
Inlet pressure 200psi. Diameter of N=20.000
impeler 2in. Pump speed 20.000
rpm.
Estimate outlet pressure. d D=2in

P Pd  Ps ( DN ) 2 Ps = 200psi
Head   
g g 2g

 D N 
2
s
ΔP  Pd  Ps  
2

 D N 
2

Pd    Ps
2
 Pressure generated by Centrifugal Pump
9.6 A pump is operated at 1800 rpm. If the fluid being pumped is
water, what is the maximum pressure different across the pump for
impeller diameter 1,3, 10 in. The same question if the rpm is 3600

P ( DN ) 2

 2
 D N 
2

ΔP  
2

2 2
ΔP3600  N1   3600 
      4
ΔP1800  N 2   1800 
 Centrugal Pump as a head Machine
9.9
A centrifugal pump is tested with water and found at 1800 rpm to deliver
200gal/min at pressure rise 50 psi. Athe efficiency is 75 %. We wish to pump a
mercury in this pump a the same rpm and flow rate. Estimate the pressure rise and
pump horse power required for this operation . Assume the pump remains 75
percent efficient .
rpm=1800 rpm=1800
Q= 200gal per min Q= 200gal per min
P= 50 psi. P =? psi.
= 75 %.  = 75 %.
= water  = mercury

 D N 
2
dWao
ΔP   FHP  m  gHm
2 dm

FHP 
dWao
m  gHm  g
 DN  ADN   DN  
2 3

dm 2g 2
 Centrugal Pump as a head Machine
Problem 9.11
A manufactured has recently introduce a line of centrifugal
pump which used a gear-speed increaser to drive impeller
at 20.000 rpm with 1800 rpm motor. One of the pump
delivers a head of 4500ft. Estimate the impeller diameter.
List the most important mechanical design problems for
such a pump.

P (r ) 2 ( DN ) 2
 
g 2g 2g
 The capacity of a centrifugal pump
depends on three (3) factors:

Q  Adisch arg eVdisch arg e

 f (design, Dimpeler , N impeller )
Q?

Pump Design
Impeller Diameter
Pump Speed
PUMP PERFORMANCE
Pd
Ps

Pd  Ps V 2 dW Fds
 z   
g 2g gdm g

Pd  Ps dW
Head  
g gdm
 Pd
PUMP HEAD TEST
Ps

Close valve

Head

Q
Q1 Q2
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Head,
Power :
Capacity vs - BHP (Brake horse power),
- FHP (Fluid Horse Power)
- Efficiency
NPSHr.
 Pump Performance Curve

Pd  Ps
Head 
g
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Capacity  Q  f (design, D, N )

Pd  Ps  DN 
2
Head  H 
g 2g

FHP 
dW
m 
 DN 

3

dm 2
FHP

BHP
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Capacity  Q  AV  f (design, D, N )

2
D 
 2N 
Head  z 
( r ) 2
 
2    DN  2

2g 2g 2g

 D N   D N 
2 3
dW pump
FHP  m  g (z ) m  g AD N   
dm 2g 2

FHP
BHP 

NET POSITIF SUCTION HEAD
(NPSH)

CAVITATION
 PARTIAL VACCUM IN SUCTION
works in the same way as sucking on the straw.
As the engine starts, the impeller turns, forces
the water out andcr eate a partial vacuum

This allows the atmospheric pressure to push water up,

into the eyes of impeller to replace the displaced water.
 SUCTION PRESSURE CONDITION &
CAVITATION

Low pressure at the suction side of a pump can encounter the fluid
to start boiling with reduced efficiency cavitation damage
 Suction cavitation

when the pump suction is in vacuum condition the

liquid turns into a vapor at the eye of the pump
impeller.

This buble is carried over to the discharge side of

the pump, where it no longer sees vacuum and is
compressed back into a liquid by the discharge
pressure.

This imploding action occurs violently and attacks

the face of the impeller.
Cavitation
 When a void or bubble in a
liquid rapidly collapses,
producing a shock wave.

the shock waves formed by cavitation

are strong enough to significantly
damage moving parts
 Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH

The NPSH, is required by the pump in order to prevent the pressure

at suction never lower than the vapor pressure of fluid to be pump.

P2(suction) -PVapor
NPSH =
g

The NPSH, is required by the pump in order to prevent cavitation

the difference between the Suction Head and the Liquids Vapor Head .
the saver the pump from cavitatation
 NPSH available
s The tank is located below pump, as
shown in the figur. Calculate the
availibity of NPSH.
Ps  P1 Vs2  V12
 z s  z1   F1s  0
g 2g
zs-z1
Ps P1 Vs2
  ( z s  z1 )   F1s
1 g g 2g
V1  0 Ps Pv
NPSH a  
g g

( z s  z1 )  positif P1 Pv Vs2
NPSH a   ( z s  z1 )   F1s
g g 2g

Position of the tank below the pump reduces NPSHa

 NPSH Net Positif Suction Head

Bernouli point 1 to s
1
Ps  P1 Vs2  V12
 z s  z1   F1s  0
g 2g
zs-z1 Ps P1 Vs2
s
d   ( z s  z1 )   F1s
g g 2g
Pump
Ps Pv
NPSH a  
g g

P1 Pv Vs2
NPSH a   ( z s  z1 )   F1s
( z s  z1 )  negatif g g 2g

Position of the tank above the pump increase NPSHa

 Net Positive Suction Head available, NPSHa

Static suction head,

vertical distance
Friction head,
Pressure head between the eye of
Vapor friction and
of suction impeller and
pressure entrance pressure
vessel suction liquid level
head losses on suction
side
Usually
neglected

2
P1 Pv V
NPSH a   ( z s  z1 )   F1s s
g g 2g

Pump operation need NPSHa >NPSHr(recorded in pump

performa curve
 SUCTION LIFT (Max)

s
Pompa

h
 ( Ps  P1 ) Vs2 F1s
1 h  z s  z1   )
g 2g g

Suction
lift
Ps  0 Patmosfir
Give maximum if F1s  0 hmax 
g
Vs  0

For water
Patm 14,7 lbf/in2 32.2 lbm .ft 144in 2
  34 ft  10m
 water g 62,3 lbm/ft 3 32.2 ft/s 2 lbf. s 2 ft 2
 SUCTION LIFT (real))

s  ( Ps  P1 ) Vs2 F
Pompa h  z s  z1   )  1s
g 2g g
h
1
In real cases Ps is keept positif by required by
Suction pump manufacture (NPSHr)
lift Ps P
 v  NPSH r
g g

P1 Pv Vs2 F1s
h   NPSH r  
g g 2g g
For water and P1=atm
Pv Vs2 F1s
h  34 ft   NPSH r  
g 2g g
Problem Example
 NPSH OF THE PUMP

Soal 9.13

Suppose that instead of using a PD Pump in Example 9.2 We

use a centrifugal pump which for 200gal/min had a reported
NPSH requirement of 10ft. Friction losses head 4ft.
What would be the maximum elevation above the sump at
which we could place the pump
Soal No. 9.13
Question : Calculate h
Patm =14,5 psia
Pvapor  3, 72 psia s  ( Ps  P1 ) Vs2 F
h  z s  z1   )  1s
g 2g g
P1 Pv Vs2 F1s
h   NPSH r  
h g g 2g g

V1  0 NPSH r  10 ft
1 P1  Pv Vs2 F1s
h  NPSH r  
F1s g 2g g
 4 ft
g
ft 2
2
10 2
Vs2 s
Vs  10 ft   1,6 ft
2 g 2  32,2 ft
s2

lb f 144in 2
(14,5  3,72) 2
in ft 2 32,2lbm ft
h  10 ft  1,6 ft  4 ft  25,4  10  1,6  4  9,8
lbm ft lb s 2
62,4 3 32,3 2 f
ft s
 Suction lift

Fluid of mercury is pumped by PD pump.

Assuming no friction and Vapor pressure of s
mercury.
Calculate suction lift.

P V 2 Max if
 gz   F
 2 Ps  0
1
F0
( Ps  P1 ) Vs2  V12 Vs  0
 g ( z s  z1 )   F
 2
 Suction lift

 ( Ps  P1 ) Vs2 F
h  z s  z1   
g 2g g
Max if
Ps  0
 ( Ps  Patmosfir ) Patmosfir
hmax  z s  z1   F0
g g
Vs  0

P 14,7 lb f /in 2 32.2 lbm ft 144in 2 34

  ft
 Hg g 13,6 x62,3 lbm /ft 32.2 ft/s
3 2
lb f s 2
ft 2
13,6
PRIMING A PUMP
 STARTING CENTRIFUGAL
d
3

Filling the pump case entirely full with fluid for starting the pump

Why must be entirely full ?

Try to calculate the vaccum develop at the beginning
rotation of the impeler when the pump case full of water
and when empty!!!
 PARTIAL VACCUM IN SUCTION

When the condition

D=10 in
N=1800 rpm

( DN ) 2
Pd  Ps  
2

Entirely full of water lbf

2 Ps  41 2
Pd  Ps 
62,3 lbm  10 ft 1800  min 2
3 
  2
lbf .s 2 ft 2
2
lbf
 41 2 in
2 ft  12 min  3600 s 32,2lbm. ft 144in in
Pompa full of air
lbf udara lbf 0,075 lbm/ft3 lbf lbf
Pd  Ps  41 2
in  air
 41 2
in 62,3 lbm/ft3
 0,05
in 2
Ps  0,05 2
in