A MIDTERM THESIS PRESENTATION ON

"Effects of higher modes on capacity curve and hinge formation"

Supervisor:
Hari R. Parajuli Sir PREPARED BY:
Dr. of Eng.,Post Doctorate
Lecturer of Civil Engineering Suman Kr. Tiwari

Co- Supervisor: THA074MSEqE020

Str. Er. Radha Krishna Mallik
Thapathali Campus, IOE
March, 2020
CONTENTS :
1. Introduction.

• relevant literatures review

• needs to study

2. Research Objective.
3. Concepts required
• Natural modes and shapes for undamped & damped
• Classical damping and Non Classing damping and its estimation
• Linear system solution- modal superposition and modal combination rule
• Non Linear solution –NLRHA, UMRHA(FNA),MPA and approximation

4. Brief Introduction of software- Perform 3D

5. Methodology
6. Output and Results
7. Further Works
 1. INTRODUCTION :
Relevant Literatures

Goel and Chopra(2005)

• 1994 Northridge Earthquake – it was found that the locations of plastic hinges revealed by the
second-“mode” pushover analysis matched closely with the observed damage.
• the roof displacement may reverse direction after initiation of yielding during a higher-“mode”
pushover analysis, “reversal ”. in the pushover curve, was found to occur during the
third-“mode” pushover analysis of a three story steel moment-resisting frame building.
NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 4
Nonlinear analysis is applied in structural earthquake engineering practice are to:
(1) assess and design seismic retrofit solutions for existing buildings;
(2) design new buildings that employ structural materials, systems, or other features that do not conform to current
building code requirements;
(3) assess the performance of buildings for specific owner/stakeholder requirements

After performance goal, design parameters-drift,roof disp.etc - and acceptance criteria is fixed.
Modelling of structure with plastic hinge as shown in fig
Deformation-controlled components must be modeled as inelastic, whereas force-controlled components may be
modeled as elastic, provided that the force demands do not imply significant yielding in the components.
Need of Study

As per ATC-40, capacity curve is generally constructed for predominant first mode
response of structure up to 1 sec fundamental period, with regular and no obvious
weak/soft storey.
But, reviewing catalogue of Earthquake, Near fault(NF) ground motion may
affect our structure, which contains predominant period relative to higher
modes period, and also velocity pulse which may excite for higher modes
response contribution to total response.

Generally most of existing building in major city is 4/5 storey and their strength
and stiffness got degraded due to age, and intense GM, thus its time period may
crosses 1 sec, also weak/soft storey also increases time period significantly.

Most accurate method is NLRHA, but due to onerous task,

complexities and dependence on many factors, alternative way is
pushover analysis which depends on mods of corresponding linear
elastic system.
 3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:

General Objectives :
1. To determine the capacity curves for uni-modal(fundamental mode) and multi-mode pushover.

Specific Objectives :
1. To determine the difference in seismic response parameter-Base shear, Drift and
Roof Displacement for uni-mode and higher modes.

2. To interpret the plastic hinge formation mechanism for uni mode and multimode
pushover analysis.
4. Concepts required for thesis.
a) Mode Shapes.

If we give initial displacement in accordance with mode shape,

there will be no deformation due to any other modes and
workdone will be zero due to others.
Thus,

Due to orthogonality condition,

Undamped System Is always diagonal matrices ie

uncoupled!!
Damped System
We have to solve this,

Classical Damping = when Is diagonal. Rayliegh damping and caughey damping

It can be solved independently as SDOF system
Classical
Non-clasical Damping
system
Fig: unsymmetric in Y dirn
Fig: symmetric in Y dirn
 Modal Expansion of Excitation vector

 Where, =modal spatial distribution, indpendent of normalization of mode

=mode participation factor

The contribution of nth mode to nodal displacement is given as

Any response contribution due to nth mode is given as

Total response contribution due to all mode is given as

Non Linear solution –NLRHA, UMRHA(FNA),MPA and approximation

It explain why pushover analysis is selected for thesis work.

NLRHA
The general euation of inelastic system is

Direct solution of above eqn is NLRHA, but fs must be given in

cyclic force deformation form of each component.

Although NLRHA is perfect method,but it is

• Computationally demanding
• Done for each GM separately because no particular GM is Fig: Force-Deformation relation for
selected for design. a component
• Chances of numerical damping,convergence , stability error.
• Accuracy depends on how modeling of structure is done.
 UMRHA(FNA)-Uncoupled modal response history analys/ Fast Non linear Analysis

Expanding the displacements of the inelastic system in terms of the natural vibration modesof the corresponding
linear system, we get

The equations governing the

response of the inelastic system to
peff,n (t) given
by Equation
MPA- Modal Pushover Analysis

Applied force gives displacement

Alternatively,
this response value can be obtained by static analysis of the structure subjected to lateral forces distributed
over the building height according to with the structure pushed to the roof displacement, urno,

Note:
Natural time period
of corresponding
elastic system is not
used in UMRHA,
instead of used from
Fsn –Ln relationship.

UMRHA uses approximation in modal superposition, but MPA uses approximation in Modal combination.
5. Brief Introduction of software- Perform 3D
• PERFORM 3D is CSI product, invented by Prof. Dr. Graham H.
Powell
• PERFORM 3D allows performing nonlinear static and dynamic
analyses of complete 3D building models for Macro-elements.
• It is “analysis by design” software, instead of “design by
analysis”.
• It also perform cyclic Pushover curve. Professor Emeritus
• Widely used in Western Society for performance level check Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials
and retrofitting. Email: powell@ce.berkeley.edu
• It uses usage ratio in terms of Demand/ Capacity (D/C) ratio.
Link: https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/powell
• Multiplate limits can be included.
• Force controlled component must be checked with strength
based D/C ratio while Deformation controlled structure
checked with Displacement Based (D/C) ratio.
• Critical component reaching limit is improved or retrofitted.
6. Methodology
a) Building Selection (Regular)
b) Fibre Hinge model
Stress-strain is directly assigned to plastic hinge. For this Kent
&Park(Mander curve) for confined concrete is used. And for steel
elasto platic(bilinear curve) is used.
 c) Nonlinear Static Analysis
For this,
Modal analysis is done first, then multimode
push is assigned In x dirn and response is
combined with Modal combination rule- SRSS
method, since modal period is clearly
separated, usually for regular structures.
If modal natural period is not clearly separated
then CQC method is employed-usually for
irregular structure.

Note: only scale factor of response spectrum is

required for higher mode.
Fig: fibre assigned for column with stress strain curve for steel d) Capacity Curve Generation
and concrete.
 Equivalent force required,

e) Result and conclusion

5. Output and Results

Fig: First mode capacity curve in Fig: Upto 3rd mode capacity curve in terms
terms of Base Shear vs bldg. drift. of Base Shear vs bldg. drift. With different
With different limit assigned. limit assigned.
 10000
First Mode only
UPto 3rd mode

8000
Base Shear(KN) Roof Displacement(mm)
First mode 5193 101.232
Base shear (KN)

6000 only

4000 Upto 3rd 5947 85.188

mode
2000

0 Interprate:
From Newmark’s Method of Numerical Evaluation
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Roof Displacemnt(mm)

Fig: Difference in Base Shear and Roof

Displacement for Immediate
Occupancy Performance Level
7. Further Works

1. Interpretation of progressive plastic hinge formation for regular building

2. To determine seismic response parameters for Irregular building using MPA.
3. Interpretation of progressive plastic hinge formation for Irregular building
4. Recommendation to amend minimum no. of mode of vibration for capacity
curves generation.
THANK YOU !!