ANG PANANALIKSIK

Optical Illusion
What do you see?
What do you see?
 3
2
1

Who is the tallest?

How do you understand this?
How many posts are there?
Ano ang pananaliksik? Ano ang impluwensya ng
mga konseptong nakapalibot nito?
Guro

Kamag-aral Pagbasa

Pananaliksik

Pagsulat Aklat
• Ang pananaliksik ay____________________. Sa
pamamagitan ng____________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________.
 Qualitative vs Quantitative
Research
• Qualitative research involves looking in-
depth at non-numerical data.
• Think of the word 'quality' when you think
of qualitative data --
• --you are taking a deep, quality look at a
phenomenon.
 Qualitative Research
• Qualitative observation deals with data
that can be observed with our senses:
sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing.
They do not involve measurements or
numbers. For instance, colors, shapes,
and textures of objects are
all qualitative observations.
 Qualitative Research
• Research problems
become research questions based on
prior research experience.
• Sample sizes can be as small as one.
Data collection involves interview,
observation, and/or archival (content)
data.
Example:
Title:

Anti-Smoke Belching Ordinance: In the Lens of

Vehicle Operators.
Question:
 What are the actualities in compliance with
the ordinance?
 Research Question Identifying Question Probe Question

What are the actualities in When were you able to Who gave you the
compliance with the find out that there is a information? How do you
ordinance? smoke-belching see it?
  ordinance?

How beneficial is the Can you give some details?

ordinance for an operator Do its benefits made you
like you? comply or there are other
reasons? If there are what
are those
 Research Question
What are the actualities in
compliance with the
ordinance?
 
Identifying Question Probe Question
What are the difficulties How were you able to deal
and circumstances you with those difficulties?
encounter in complying
the ordinance?
What are the personal How do you feel in
strategies you do in order performing those
to pass emission testing strategies? How could is
standards? minimize the negative
effects of smoke-belching?
Based in your daily job In your opinion, why there
encounters, are there is such violations?
more violations or
complaint to the
ordinance? Who are the
common violators and
complaints?
Quantitative Research
 Quantitative  research typically uses
surveys and questionnaires to obtain
information that will help to understand the
needs of individuals about certain topics.
 Quantitative Research
• In natural sciences and social
sciences, quantitative research is the
systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena via statistical,
mathematical or computational
techniques.
 Quantitative Research
• Quantitative data is any data that is in
numerical form such as statistics,
percentages, etc
 Halimbawa:
Brain Dominance at Istilo sa Pagkatuto
ng mga Mag-aaral sa Filipino 2A
 Brain Dominance at Istilo sa
Pagkatuto sa Filipino 2A
Brain Dominance Istilo sa Pagkatuto
• Whole Brain • Tactile
• Right Brain • Auditory
• Left Brain • Visual
 Mixed methods research
•  is a methodology for
conducting research that involves
collecting, analysing and integrating
quantitative (e.g., experiments, surveys)
and qualitative (e.g., focus groups,
interviews) 
Basic In-Text Citations
and Referencing
Sample
How do you make an APA citation?

 When using APA format, follow the author-

date method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear in
the text,
 for example (Jones, 1998), and a complete
reference should appear in the reference list
at the end of the paper.
 The earliest investigation of the general
effects of food deprivation found that long-term
food deprivation (36 hours and longer) was
associated with sluggishness, depression,
irritability, reduced heart rate, and inability to
concentrate (Keys, Brozek, Henschel,
Mickelsen, & Taylor, 1950).
 Another study found that fasting for several
days produced muscular weakness, irritability,
and apathy or depression (Kollar, Slater,
Palmer, Docter, & Mandell, 1964). Since that
time, research has focused mainly on how
nutrition affects cognition. However, as Green,
Elliman, and Rogers (1995) point out, the
effects of food deprivation on cognition have
received comparatively less attention in recent
years. Center the title one inch from the top.
Notes on APA format
 APA style requires authors to use the past
tense or present perfect tense when using
signal phrases to describe earlier research.
 Example:

Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has

found...
Short quotations

 If you are directly quoting from a work, you

will need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for the
reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by
the date of publication in parentheses.
Example:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199). 

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty

using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does
this have for teachers?
 If the author is not named in a signal phrase,
place the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number in
parentheses after the quotation.
Example:
 She stated, "Students often had difficulty
using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but
she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Summary or paraphrase

 If you are paraphrasing an idea from another

work, you only have to make reference to the
author and year of publication in your in-text
reference, but APA guidelines encourage you
to also provide the page number (although it
is not required.)
Example

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a

difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-

time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
PROPER APA FORMAT FOR
THE REFERENCE
 MGA SANGGUNIAN

Angga, Paul. (1998). Follow-up of the graduates of teachers college of

University of Mindanao for the period 1983-84 to 1993-94. University
of Mindanao, Davao City.

Arat, Ignacio. 1995. A Follow-up Study of the Employment Status of the

Education Graduates of the Holy Cross College of Calinan from
1968- 1975. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ateneo de Davao
Graduate School. Davao City.

Boettcher, J.V. (2006) “ 21st century teaching and learning patterns: What will
we see? Syllabus Press. June 2006.http://www. Designingfor learning
.info/services/writing/21century.htm

Burton at Bruechner. 2006. Supervision: A Social. Appleton Century

Crofts , Inc. New York.
FORMAT FOR THE REQS
RESEARCH REVIEW
A Quantitative Research
Critique
Research Title
 Researcher:
 Place:
 Year:
Intoduction
 Does the researcher identify a specific
problem area?
 Is the general purpose of the study clear?
 Does the researcher provide sufficient
rationale for the study, i.e., is it clear the
study will make some sort of practical or
theoretical contribution to the field?
Review of Related Literature
 Does the review contain current and relevant
studies?
 Is there a critical review beyond a summary
of the findings?
 Does the review relate previous studies to the
current research problem?
Research Question
 Is the problem or hypothesis clear and
concise?
 Does the problem or hypothesis
communicate the variables, type of research,
and population?
 Are variables (IVs and DV) well defined?
 Does research question address the research
questions or hypothesis?
Participants
 Are the target and study populations well
described?
 Is the method of sample selection clear?
 Is the overall size of the sample adequate?
 Is there a possibility of bias either due to the
method of selection or less than perfect
response/participation rate? Does the
researcher explicitly discuss this?
Instruments, measurements
and procedures
 Does the researcher present adequate
evidence for measurement validity and
reliability?
 Is there a clear description of the instrument
and how it was used?
 If two or more groups were compared, were
individuals assigned at random to the
groups?
 Are the “treatments” described in sufficient
detail?
Results
 Are the findings presented clearly?
 Is the sufficient descriptive information
provided to interpret the results?
 Does the researcher check the assumptions
regarding the research methods they’ve
chosen?
Results
 Does the researcher refer back to the original
research hypothesis?
 If difference is statistically significant but
practically small, has the research noted
that?
Discussion and Conclusion
 Is there an adequate interpretation of the
findings and discussion based on the
research problem?
 Are the results discussed in relation to
previous studies?
 Does the author note any limitations due to
the methodology?
Discussion and Conclusion
 Are specific implications for practice and
policy discussed?
 Overall, is the conclusion clearly stated and
based on the results?
 Is the conclusion reasonable?