NUCLEAR POWER COUNTRIES

Nuclear power plant

Nuclear energy, why ?
Nuclear power:
•1 kg = 45000 tones
•Others are depleting fast
•Non seasonal like hydro
•Easy to transport (unlike coal)
•Small storage
•Nuclear reservoir is 10^11 tones
• Thorium (Atomic energy department )9,63,000
tonnes of Thorium Oxide (ThO2)
•Low operating cost compared to coal
•Disadvantages:
•High initial cost
•Waste is hazardous
•Need trained man power
•High degree of safety required
Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of 
electricity in India after coal, gas, 
hydroelectricity and wind power. As of
March 2018, India has 22 nuclear reactors in
operation in 7 nuclear power plants,
having a total installed capacity of 6,780
MW 
Nuclear power produced a total of 35 TWh
 and
supplied 3.22% of Indian electricity in 2017
 6 more reactors are under construction with
a combined generation capacity of 4,300
MW.
 Reactors
Capacity Generated Share of total
Country
operatio Net-total (MWe) electricity (GWh) electricity use
U/C
nal

United State 99 2 99952 805647 20%

s
 France 58 1 63130 381846 71.60%

 Japan 42 2 39752 29285.1 3.60%

 China 39 19 34514 232797 3.90%

 Russia 35 7 26142 190115 17.80%

 Korea, Republic of 25 2 23070 141278 27.10%

 Canada 19 0 13554 95131.2 14.60%

 Ukraine 15 2 13107 80405.9 55.10%

 Germany 8 0 10799 72162.8 11.60%

 Sweden 9 0 9102 63062.9 39.60%

 United Kingdom 15 0 8918 63886.8 19.30%

 Spain 7 0 7121 55627.8 21.20%

 India 22 6 6255 20004.3 3.20%

This meets 25% requirement of the country. (75 % import)
Jharkhand,
The Tummalapalle Mine is a uranium mine in Tumalapalli village
located in Kadapa of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Results from
research conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 2011
made the analysts conclude that this mine might have one of the
largest reserves of uranium in the world
 Atomic Energy Commission of India confirmed on reserves of 49,000 
tonnes (but still not started ) (this will cater a need of another 25 %)

UCIL(Uranium Corporation of India Ltd), under the ministry of atomic

energy, further plans to develop uranium mines in

1. Lambapur-Peddagattu area of Telangana state,

2. Kyllengtpendengsiong area of Meghalaya and
3. Gigi area of Karnataka state.
Protons= atomic number
Protons + neutrons = mass
number
Nuclear fission
1 ev = 1.602*10^-19
Nuclear Fusion Brought in distance 10^-13 cm
Temperature 10^9 Celsius
Reactor vessel
Nuclear Fuel
Fuel rods clad with stainless
steel, zirconium or by
aluminum to prevent oxidation
of uranium
Moderator: reduce speed of neutrons
Light water,
deuterium or
heavy water
D2O, graphite,
beryllium

Enriched
uranium can
work on slow as
well as fast
neutron so don’t
need
moderator, but
enriching cost is
more

Deuterium is best moderating rate is 12000 , H2O is 72 and

carbon is 170
Control rods:
Reflector: good absorber are good reflector so
moderator are used as reflector
Coolant
Shielding
Reactor classification

a) Based on Neutron energy

B) Based on fuel used
1) Natural uranium
2) Enriched uranium

c) Based on coolant used

1) Water cooled
2) Heavy water cooled
3) Liquid metal (like sodium)
4) Gas cooled

d) Based on moderator used:

1) Water and heavy water reactor
2) Graphite reactor
3) Beryllium reactor

e) Based on type of core used

1) Homogeneous reactor
2) Heterogeneous reactor
Types of nuclear reactor power plant

1.Thermal reactor
i) Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
ii) Boiling water reactor (BWR)
iii) The gas cooled reactor (GCR)
iv) High temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR)
v) Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)

2. Fast breeder reactor

1)Liquid metal fast breeder reactor
(LMFBR)
2)Gas cooled fast breeder reactor
(GCFBR)
Enriched uranium , 150 bar pressure, water coolant and moderator
Advantage: compact reactor, water for both coolant and
moderator, fission product in reactor only

Disadvantage:
High pressure =
high cost, low
efficiency as
saturated steam
generated in
secondary circuit,
need shielding in
primary circuit,
severe corrosion ,
need to shutdown
for fuel charging,
fuel reprocessing is
difficult due to
radiations
Boiling water reactor:
BWR
•Uses enriched uranium as fuel
•No need of heat exchanger as direct conversion of
water in to steam (saturated) (if)
•So it is called direct cycle boiling water reactor power
plant
•Tarapur power plant is BWR
•Advantages:
•No need of heat exchanger so cheap
•Low pressure so less costly
•Disadvantage:
•Possibility of radioactive contamination of steam
turbine
•Sudden changes in load can not be meet
•System requires extensive safety devices against
radioactive radiations which is costly
Gas cooled reactor
Gas cooled reactors (GCR)
•E.g CO2 (U.K) instead as coolant and graphite as
moderator
•Natural uranium as fuel
•Coolant pressure is 7 bar and temperature is 336
Celsius
•In Helium (USA) instead as coolant and graphite as
moderator, 15 bar to 30 bar and temperature 700 to
800 Celsius called High temperature gas cooled
(HTGC) reactor.

•
CANDU (Canadian Deutorium uranium) rector
Daulat Singh Kothari, Meghnad Saha, Homi J. Bhabhaand R. S. Krishnan
, conducted pioneering research in nuclear physics in Europe during
the 1930s.

In the same year, the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust sanctioned funds for

installing a cyclotron at the University of Calcutta, but various
difficulties likely related to the war delayed the project. [13] In 1944, Homi
J. Bhabha, a distinguished nuclear physicist who had established a
research school at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, wrote a
letter to his distant cousin J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of the Tata Group.
He requested funds to establish a research institute of fundamental
physics, "with special reference to cosmic rays and nuclear physics."
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was inaugurated in 
Mumbai the following year
 atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, R.S. Krishnan, a nuclear
physicist who had studied under Norman Feather and John Cockroft, and
who recognised the massive energy-generating potential of uranium,
observed, "If the tremendous energy released from atomic explosions is
made available to drive machinery, etc., it will bring about an industrial
revolution of a far-reaching character."
 18 oct 1957 , 6th country in world, India's and Asia's first nuclear
reactor, Apsara, provided by UK high flux reactor 
In 1957 canada sign agreement
Canada provided a 40 MW CIRUS reactor for solely research purposes

As of 2016, India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation at seven sites,

having an installed capacity of 6780MW and producing a total
of 30,292.91 GWh of electricity. 11 more reactors are under
construction to generate an additional 8,100 MW

Tarapur (maharastra) : 2 BWR (boiling water) 160*2=320, started on 1969

2 PHWR (pressurized heavy water reactor) , 540*2=1080, total 1400
MW
started on 2005 .
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
Construction began31 March 2002
Commission date22 October 2013
Construction cost₹17,270 crore
Reactor type water water reactor (serise of pressure water ) Sea
Power generationUnits operational 2 × 917 MWUnits under const.2 ×
917 MW Units planned2 × 917 MW[1][2]Nameplate capacity2000 MW
Annual net output7500 GW·h
Running power plant
Total
Power Operato
State Type Units capacity
station r
(MW)
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 4 880
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220 x 2 440
Kudankula
m NPCIL Tamil Nad VVER-100 1000 x 2 2,000
[111] u 0
Madras (K NPCIL Tamil Nad PHWR 220 x 2 440
alpakkam u
Narora
) NPCIL Uttar Prad PHWR 220 x 2 440
esh
100 x 1
Rajasthan NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 200 x 1 1,180
220 x 4
BWR 160 x 2
Tarapur NPCIL Maharash 1,400
tra PHWR 540 x 2
Total 6,780
 Expect
Total ed
Power Operat capaci Comm
State Type Units
station or ty ercial
(MW) Operat
ion

Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 700 x 2 1,400 2018[113]

Unit 3 a
nd 4
Kudanku 2022-
lam NPCIL Tamil Na VVER-10 1000 x 2 2,000[115]
du 00 2023
[114]

Madras ( early
Kalpakka Bhavini Tamil Na PFBR 500 x 1 500
2018
m) du
[116]

Rajastha NPCIL Rajastha PHWR 700 x 2 1,400

n Unit 7 n
and 8
Gorakhp NPCIL Haryana PHWR 700 x 2 1,400
ur
Total 6,700
planned Total
Power
Operator State Type Units capacity
station
(MW)

Jaitapur[119] NPCIL Maharasht EPR 1650 x 6 9,900

ra
Kovvada
[120][121] NPCIL Andhra Pra AP1000 1100 x 6 6,600
desh
Kavali[122] NPCIL Andhra Pra VVER 1000 x 6 6000
desh
Gorakhpur NPCIL Haryana PHWR 700 x 2 1,400[112]
2,800
Bhimpur NPCIL Madhya Pr PHWR 700 x 4 [123][119]
adesh
Mahi Bans
wara NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700 x 4 2,800
[119]

Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 700 x 2 1,400

Chutka NPCIL Madhya Pr PHWR 700 x 2 1,400

adesh
Madras[119] BHAVINI Tamil Nadu FBR 600 x 2 1,200
Tarapur AHWR 300 x 1 300
Total 39,800
Kudankulam Nuclear Power
Plant

Vodo-Vodyanoi
Energetichesky
Reaktor; Water-Water
Power Reactor) is a series
of pressurised
water reactor
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
Nuclear disaster
The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl
accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident. It occurred on 25–26
April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the 
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plantnear the now-abandoned town of 
Pripyat, in northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union,
approximately 104 km (65 mi) north of Kiev.

Cause Inadvertent explosion of core during emergency

shutdown of reactor whilst undergoing power failure
test
Death(s) •31 (direct)
•15 (estimated indirect deaths up to 2011)[1
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Date11 March 2011LocationŌkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan

Coordinates37°25′17″N 141°1′57″EOutcomeINES Level 7
(major accident)[2][3]
Death(s)1 cancer death attributed to radiation exposure by
government panel.[4][5]
Non-fatal injuries16 with physical injuries due to hydrogen
explosions

A May 2012 United Nations

committee report stated that none of
the six Fukushima workers who had
died since the tsunami had died from
radiation exposure. According to a
2012 Yomiuri Shimbun
survey, 573 deaths have been
certified as "disaster-related"
by 13 municipalities affected by the
Fukushima nuclear disaster.
THREAT OF PROLIFERATION

 North Korea (DPRK) part of

“Axis of Evil”
 2003 admission of nuclear
weapons
 Kim Jong-Il* justifies nukes
as defense against the
U.S.
 Other potential threats? Kimmy Neutron

*Not to be confused with Jeong Kim,

namesake of the beautiful new
Engineering building at UMD
DECLINE OF NUCLEAR POWER
 The public began growing fearful of possible
meltdowns, especially after the disaster at
Three Mile Island

 Nearly 2/3 of all orders for new plants were

cancelled in the late 1970’s

 No new plants having been built in the past

twenty-five years