PEPLAU’S

INTERPESON
AL RELATION
THEORY
PREPARED BY
IRAM ASLAM
SHABANA SARWAR
RIDDAH RAZZAQ
SAMA ZAHEER
 CONTENT TABLE

• INTRODUCTION
• Evolution of theory
• Concepts of theory
• Phases of interpersonal theory
• Nursing roles
• Paradigm of theory
• Nursing proses
• Characteristics of theory
 INTRODUCTION
• Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau
• Born on Sep. 1, 1909 in Pennsylvania.
• died on march 17, 1999.
• Diploma programmed in Pottstown Pennsylvania in
1931
• 1943 –B.A in interpersonal psychology Bonington
college
• 1947 M.A. in psychiatric nursing from Colombia
university new York
 EVOLUTION OF THEORY

• Pioneer in nursing
• Partial theory for the practice of nursing
• Nature of science in nursing
• Evolution of interpersonal relationship resulted from the nature
of science theory
• Using an understanding of one’s own behavior to help others
identify their difficulties
• Applied principles of human relations
• Patient has felt need
 WHAT IS INTERPERSONAL
RELATION’S THEORY
• Emphasize the nurse client relationship as the foundation of
nursing practice
• The interpersonal model emphasis's the need for a partnership
between nurse and Clint as opposed to the client passively
receiving treatment
• Shared experience nurse could facilities this through
observation , description, formulation, interpretation, validation
and intervention
• Nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves
interaction between two or more individuals with a common
CONCEPTS USED BY PEPLAU

• Model evolves from psychodynamics of nursing

• Four steps in interpersonal relationship
• Orientation
• Identification
• exploitation
• resolution
On admissions during
intensive treatment
period

orientation
Convalescence and
rehabilitation
identification
exploitation

resolution
discharge
PHASES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

Orientation
• Individual has felt need and seeks professional assistance.
• Nurse recognize and understand his problem.
• Nurse works collectively with patient and family in analyzing
situation
• Nurse patient relationship is established.
• Nurse needs to be aware of her personal reaction to the patient
• Nurse and patient culture , religion , race and educational
 Identification
• Patient responds selectively to the person who can meet his needs
• The response to the nurse is three fold
1. participate with and be interdependent with the nurse
2. be autonomous and independent from the nurse
3. be passive and dependent on the nurse
• Patient and nurse clarify each others perception and expectation
• Patient begins to have feelings of belongingness and a capacity for
dealing with problem
• These changes decrease the feeling of helplessness and create an
optimistic attitude
Exploitation
• patients attempt to derive the full value from what is offered
• Power shifts from nurse to patients
• Patient takes advantage of all services available
• Patients begin to take control of his situation.
• Nurse uses communication tools
• Nurse helps the patient in using services to solve his problems

Resolution phase
• Old goals are put aside and new ones are established
• Patients needs have already met by collaborative efforts between patient and nurse
• Patient and nurse now need to terminate the relationship
• The patient then becomes independent from the nurse and nurse become independent
from the patient
Phases Focus

• Orientation Problem defining phase

• Identification Selection of appropriate professional assistance

• Exploitation Use of professional assistance for problem solving alternatives

• Resolution Termination of the professional relationship

 As a
stranger
As a
Leadersh resource
ip role person
Nursing
roles
according
to Peplau
Surrogat Teaching
e role role

Counselli
ng role
PARADIGM OF PEPLAU’S THEORY

Human
being

nursing
paradig Health

Environme
nt
 PARADIGM

Human being
• Peplau define person in terms of man- as an organism who
strives for maintaining equilibrium in his life and reduce tension
which is generated by needs
Health
• A word symbol that implies forward movement of personality
and other human processes in the definition of other creative,
constructive, productive, personal, and community living.
 ENVIRONMENT

• Existing force outside the organism

• Customs and believes are acquired
• Peplau does not directly address to the environment but
emphasis on patient’s culture and mores during their hospital
adjustment
Nursing
• Peplau consider nursing as a ‘’significant therapeutic
interpersonal process’’
• Functions co-operatively with individuals and communities to
• When professional health team offers heath services for nurses participate in organization
for to facilitates individual tendencies

• Peplau define nursing as

• ‘’a relationship between individual who is sick or in the need of help services and a nurse
especially educated to recognize and to respond to the need of help.’’

• Nursing is an educative instrument that aims to promote forward movement of personality

and other human processes in the definition of other creative, constructive, productive,
personal, and community living.
Nurse assist patient in interpersonal relationships and the major concepts
are

• Nurse
• Patient
• Human need
• Anxiety
• stress
• Therapeutic relationship goals
 INTERPERSONAL PROCESS & NURSING
PROCESS
• Peplau’s phases and interpersonal process can be compared with
nursing process with respect to similarities as;
Nursing process Peplau’s phases

1. Assessment 1. Orientation
Data collection and analysis nurse and patient come

need not necessarily be a felt need meeting initiated by patient who

may be nurse initiated expresses ‘’felt need’

works together to recognize ,

clarify
and define facts related to need

2. Nursing diagnosis 2. patient clarifies’’ felt needs’’

• Summary statement based on nurse
analysis.
 COMPARISON OF SIMILARITIES OF NURSING
PROCESS AND PEPLAU’S PHASES CONT.
3. Planning 3. Identification
• Mutually set goals. • Interdependent goal setting .
• Patient has feeling and belonging and
selectively respond to those who can
meet his or her needs
• Patient initiated
4. Implementation 4. Exploitation
• Plan initiated that move toward • Patient actively seeking and drawing on
achievement of mutually set goals. knowledge and expertise of those who can
• May be accompanied by patient health care help
professionals, or patient’s family. • Patient initiated
5. Evaluation 5. Resolution
• Based on mutually accepted behaviors • Occurs after other phases are successfully
• May lead to termination of relationship or completed
initiation of new plans • leads to termination of relationships
PEPLAU’S WORK AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
THEORY
1. Theories can interrelate concept in such a way as to create a different way
of looking at a particular phenomenon.
2. Theories must be logical ( as the four progressive phases in the nurse-
patient relation ship are logical i.e. orientation, identification ,exploitation
and resolution ) key concept are clearly defined.
3. Theories should be relatively simple and generalizable.( the phases are
simple as they are easily adaptable by the nurses and not need special
training)
 4. Theories can be bases on hypotheses that can be tested and can be
expanded (Peplau’s theory has generated testable hypotheses ,many
researches further explain the concept of anxiety on nurse patient
relationship BURD (1963) HAY (1961)

5.Theories can be used by practice to guide and improve their

practice .( thus nurses can uses Peplau's theory for communication and
interview) .
 EVALUATION OF THEORY

• On of the draw back of Peplau’s theory is it does not meet the criteria of
generality the theory is adaptable only to nursing setting and cannot be used
with the comatose, senile and new born patient .

• Since Peplau's theory cannot be applied to all patients, the quality of

generality is not meet
 CASE STUDY
Orientation Mrs. Ali age 45 years
phase Vital signs
(assessment Temperature : 98⁰F
) Respiratory rate : 19 per min.
B.P : 130 /80 mm Hg
Pulse : 80 per mon.
comes with the complain of pain in the lower back
region
Regarding pain discussion is made to assess severity ,
type and duration of pain and the measures to reduce
pain.
Nursing Pain related to the degenerative change in the lumbar
diagnosis region.
Identificatio Goal setting is done along with the patient to
n phase reduce pain and reduction of pain responses.
(planning) Administer analgesics as prescribed by physician.
Provide pelvic traction to the patient.

Exploitation Carried out plans mutually agreed upon

phase Provide non pharmacological measures like
(Implement diversion therapy , massaging, and pelvic
ation) tractions.
Administer prescribed medicine.
Give and explain the need of pelvic traction.
Resolution Mrs. Ali is free to express problems of pain
phase Express that she got slight relief from pain.
(evaluation)
 SUMMARY

• The major focus of Peplau's theory, is developing interpersonal relation

between patient and nurse . To build interpersonal relationship is helpful in
communication and interviews . After establishing a trust worthy relationship,
patients feels more comfort in planning the goals with his \ her full
participation in achieving desired outcomes .
• She is consistent with established theories and principles such as those of
Sullivan , Freud and Maslow.
THANK YOU !