CPD20402

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID
BLEACH
PILOT PLANT OPERATION 1
MOHD KHAIRUL FATHY BIN M.ASRAR (55102118037)
MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN AZRI (55102118019)
 WHAT IS LIQUID BLEACH ?
◦ Definition: A solution of sodium hypochlorite used for bleaching, disinfecting
and deodorizing.

◦ A chemical product which is used generally in cleaning and removing stains.

◦ Universally known as liquid bleach. Other bleach compounds includes

calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate and sodium
perborate.
CHRONICLES OF
BLEACH
◦ 1322 – Crofting method. Fabrics were spread out in fields exposed to sunlight.

◦ 1728 – Fabrics soaked in lye solution then washed and spreaded out in fields for

sunlight exposure.

◦ 1774 – Chemical element Chlorine gas is discovered by Swedish chemist, Scheele.

◦ 1785 – A French scientist, Claude Berthollet discover chlorine is effective as whitening

agent in fabrics. The first bleach named Eau de Javel is commercialized.

◦ 1799 – Bleaching powder, calcium hypochlorite was discovered by Scottish chemist,

Charles Tennant as an alternative for Eau de Javel. The bleaching powder is widely

used.

◦ 1820 – Sodium hypochlorite was discovered to works effectively on disinfecting by

French chemist, Labarraque.

EXAMPLE
OF BLEACH

• Liquid bleach

• Powder bleach

• Cleaning
bleach
RAW
MATERIAL
USED IN
PRODUCTION
• Chlorine gas

• Caustic soda
(NaOH)

• Water
PRODUCTION OF
BLEACH
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Cl2 + H2O -> HOCl + HCl (1)
2NaOH + HOCl + HCl -> NaOCl + NaCl + 2H2O (2)
2NaOH + Cl2 -> NaOCl + NaCl + H2O (3)
Firstly, the feed is water and caustic soda
(NaOH) is mixed and directed to the absorption
column for caustic dilution. During caustic
dilution, temperature will rose up to 130°F. After
that, the mixture will flow to a buffer tank joined
by the chlorine flow. In the buffer tank,
chlorination occurred. During inside the buffer
tank, the temperature of the mixture will
become specifically low because the
temperature for this reaction must not exceeds
80°F. Next, the mixture will then pumped to the
bleach filter system to separate bleach from
other components. Bleach will be retrieved at
the bottom outlet and the other components will
be sent to another filter system, backwash
water filter. Impurities will be separated and
backwash water will be sent to disposal.
 FINAL PRODUCT
An active ingredient in Clorox household bleach is sodium hypochlorite, which performs
the bleaching, stain removal and disinfecting functions. Other chemical ingredients in
Clorox include sodium chloride (salt), which thickens and stabilizes the solution

Sodium hypochlorite as powder Sodium hypochlorite as liquid

 MECHANISM OF BLEACHING
◦ OXIDIZING BLEACH ◦ REDUCING BLEACH

◦ An oxidizing bleach works by breaking ◦ A reducing bleach works by converting

the chemical bonds that make up the double bonds in the chromophore into
chromophore. single bonds. This is the mechanism of
bleaches based on sulfur dioxide
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

◦ Bleach is extremely effective. A good ◦ Chlorine can be fatal if the gas in

soak in a bleach will completely strip inhaled
most stains from white cotton
◦ Sodium hypochlorite produces
◦ Bleach contain chlorine is a very hydrogen, which presents a fire or
effective germ-killer. It is three times as explosion hazard if not properly vented
effective as bromine at killing bacteria.
 APPLICATION OF BLEACH
◦ Bleach is a strong and effective disinfectant. Its active ingredient, sodium
hypochlorite, denatures protein in micro-organisms and is therefore effective in killing
bacteria, fungi and viruses. Household bleach works quickly and is widely available at
a low cost. Diluted household bleach is thus recommended for the disinfection of
environment.
 BLEACH ADDITIVES
◦ More specifically, the invention relates to compositions which provide enhanced bleaching
benefits though the selection of bleach activators at mildly alkaline washing solutions or in
the presence of reduced-levels of hydrogen peroxide. Included are preferred activator
compounds and methods for washing fabrics, hard surfaces, and tableware using the
activators. Example; bleach add, bleach thickener and bleach pH lowering agent.

◦ Bleach fragrance: Unique cloaking ability that infuses aroma to distinguish the
unpleasant scent of sodium hypochlorite.

◦ Bleach thickener: Thickens the bleach to allow maximum effectiveness.

◦ Bleach pH lowering agent: Decreases the pH of a solution by adding bleach into it.