Derivatives

In calculus, a branch of mathematics,

the derivative is a measure of how a
function changes as its input
changes.
Differentiation and the derivative

 Differentiation is a method to compute the

rate at which a dependent output y changes
with respect to the change in the independent
input x. This rate of change is called the
derivative of y with respect to x.
Secant to a function
Tangent to a function
How to get dreivative graphically
Continuity and differentiability

 This function does not have a derivative at

the marked point, as the function is not
continuous there.
Corner point and differentiability

 The absolute value function is continuous,

but fails to be differentiable at x = 0 since
the tangent slopes do not approach the same
value from the left as they do from the right.
Notations for differentiation

 Leibniz's notation

 Lagrange's notation

 Newton's notation

 Euler's notation
Derivatives of elementary functions

 Derivatives of powers: if

 where r is any real number, then

Exponential and logarithmic functions
Trigonometric functions:
Inverse trigonometric functions:
Rules of derivatives

 Sum rule:

 Product rule:

 Quotient rule:

 Chain rule:
I
Partial derivatives

In general, the partial derivative of a function ƒ(x 1, …, xn) in the direction xi at the point (a1 …, an) is defined to be:
Analytic function

 In mathematics, an analytic function is a

function that is locally given by a convergent
power series.
 Analytic functions can be thought of as a
bridge between polynomials and general
functions.
 There exist both real analytic functions and

complex analytic functions.

Formal definition
 Formally, a function ƒ is real analytic on an
open set D in the real line if for any x0 in D
one can write

in which the coefficients a0, a1, ... are real

numbers and the series is convergent to ƒ(x)
for x in a neighborhood of x0.
Typical examples of analytic functions are

 Any polynomial (real or complex) is an

analytic function
 The exponential function is analytic

 The trigonometric functions, logarithm, and

the power functions are analytic
Typical examples of non analytic
functions
 The absolute value function when defined on
the set of real numbers or complex numbers
is not everywhere analytic because it is not
differentiable at 0
 The complex conjugate function is not

complex analytic, although its restriction to

the real line is the identity function and
therefore real analytic.
Properties of analytic functions

 The sums, products, and compositions of

analytic functions are analytic.
 The reciprocal of an analytic function that is

nowhere zero is analytic, as is the inverse of

an invertible analytic function whose
derivative is nowhere zero
 Any analytic function is smooth, that is,
infinitely differentiable.
Analyticity and differentiability

 As noted above, any analytic function (real or

complex) is infinitely differentiable (also
known as smooth, or C∞). (Note that this
differentiability is in the sense of real
variables; compare complex derivatives
below.) There exist smooth real functions
which are not analytic: see
non-analytic smooth function.
Thank
you