Professional Documents
Culture Documents
“stair-step”
approximation of
sample original signal
level
time
hold time for sample
Objectives
To understand how a digital value can be converted to an
analogue value
To draw circuits and explain the operation of two digital to
analogue converters: the binary weighted resistor network and the
R-2R ladder network
To draw the block diagram and explain the operation of three
analogue to digital converters: flash, counter ramp and
successive approximation
To be able to calculate the conversion time for an analogue to
digital converter
To be able to explain the sampling rule
To be able to describe the basic design of a sample and hold
circuit and explain how it works
The binary weighted resistor network
Comprises of a register and resistor network
Output of each bit of the register will depend on whether a 1
or a 0 is stored in that position
e.g. for a 0 then 0V output
for a 1 then 5V output
Resistance R is inversely proportional to binary weight of each
digit
R
MSB
2R RL VL
4-bit
4R
register
8R
LSB
Buffering the resistor network
Best solution is to follow the resistor network with a buffer
amplifier
Has high impedance, practically no current flows
All input currents sum at S and go through Rf
Vo = -IfRf
R I1 Rf
MSB
4-bit register
2R I2 If
4R -
I3 S I
LSB 8R I4 +
Vo
Vo If R f (I1 I2 I3 I 4 ) Rf
Digital-to-Analogue Example
I N R2
R1
•
The R-2R Ladder Resistor Network
Works on a current dividing network
A B
I R I1
2R 2R 2R
I1 I2
Rf
+
Vo
4-bit register
MSB
LSB
Vo -R f (b 3 I 2 b2 I 4 b I 8 b 0 I 16)
1
Example
I R R R
Vs 2R 2R 2R 2R 2R
Rf
+
Vo
4-bit register
MSB
LSB
Vo -R f (b 3 I 2 b2 I 4 b I 8 b 0 I 16)
1
For the circuit shown above with I = 10 mA and Rf = 2k, calculate the
output voltage V0 for an input code word 1110.
Example
I = 10mA
Rf = 2k
input code word 1110
time
0000
0000
0001
0010
time
1111
...
Quantisation Error
Difference between the two waveforms is the quantisation
error
Maximum quantisation error is equal to half the
quantisation interval
One way to reduce the quantisation error (noise) is to
increase the number of bits used by the D-A converter
quantisation interval
111
110
bands or quanta
1001
101 1000
0111
100
0110
011 0101
0100
010 0011
0010
001 0001
0000
000
samples
Quantisation Noise
The voltage produced by the DA convertor can be
regarded as the original signal plus noise: