Chapter-7

Registers and Counters

 Introduction
• Register
– A group of binary storage cell holding binary
information
– A group of flip-flops and gates
• Flip-flops stores data
• n-bit register requires n flip-flops.
• Gates control the change of states
• Counter
– Essentially a register
– Go through predetermine states
 Registers
• A simple 4-bit register with parallel load
 Shift Registers
• Three types of shift register
– Unidirectional shift register
• A register capable of shifting in one direction.
– Shift left or shift right
– Bidirectional shift register
• A register can shift in both directions.
– Both Shift left and shift right with a selection variable
– Universal shift register
• Has both direction shifts & parallel load/out
capabilities.
 Shift Registers
• A 4-bit shift register Input: 1101
 Counters
• Categories of counters
1. Asynchronous counters (Ripple counters) The
flip-flops within the counter do not change state
at the same time
  no common clock pulse.
2. Synchronous counters
 The CLK inputs of all flip-flops receive a common clock
Counters
• Binary ripple
counter
A3 A2 A1 A0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
 Ring counter
• A 4-bit ring counter
 A typical application of shift register
 Last output is connected to the first input

A3 A2 A1 A0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
Fig. 6.17 Generation of timing signals