Sublimation

Salahaddin university
College of science
Chemistry department

Prepared by : Abdulla Najat Tawfiq

Qani abdulqahar
Some classic methods for purification of
Organic Compounds
 Filtration
 Crystallization
 Solvent extraction
 Distillation
 Fractional distillation
 Sublimation
 Steam distillation
Purification By Using Sublimation
what is sublimation ?
The change of a substance from a solid to a
vapor without passing through the liquid
state is called sublimation.

Note’’
Sublimation is the transition from the solid to the
gas state The opposite of this process is called
deposition the transition from the gas to the solid.
Examples of Sublimation in Real Life

 You may notice this in

the cold winter with
snow. The snow does
not melt, but slowly
disappears.
 Dry ice goes directly
from solid carbon
dioxide to gas.
 Sublimation occurs in solids with vapor pressures that
exceed atmospheric pressure at or near room temperature.

 Note’’
solids, like liquids, have a vapor pressure.
 Iodine is an example of a substance that
undergoes sublimation.
•The outer test tube contains
solid iodine that is being gently
heated.
•The inner test tube contains
liquid water and ice.

•The iodine crystals at the bottom

of the outer test tube change directly
to iodine vapor.
•When the vapor reaches the cool surface of the inner
test tube, it goes directly from the gaseous to the solid
state.
  Phase Diagrams
A phase diagram gives the conditions of temperature and
pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas
(vapor).

 The phase diagram of

water shows the
relationship among
pressure, temperature,
and the physical states
of water.
 The triple point describes the only set of conditions at
which all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one
another.
 The point on the
diagram at which
all three lines meet
is called the triple
point.

•For water, the triple point

is a temperature of 0.016°C
and a pressure of 0.61 kPa.
Purification By Using Sublimation as lab process

Aim
To separate volatile solids, which pass directly into vapour state
on heating from a non-volatile solid.

Principle
A mixture of solid substances, such as camphor, benzoic acid,
ammonium chloride, iodine etc., containing non-volatile
substances, when heated, change directly into vapour without
passing through the liquid state.
 Process

 A mixture of two compounds is

heated in an evaporating dish
 One compound changes from
solid to vapour directly
 The vapour changes back to solid
on a cold surface
 The other compound is not
affected by heating and remains in
the evaporating dish
Purification By Sublimation
 Which of the following describes a solid undergoing
sublimation?

A. The vapor pressure exceeds the atmospheric pressure.

B. The vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.
C. The vapor pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure.
D. The vapor pressure is less than half the atmospheric pressure.
 what is a real life example of sublimation

 Dry Ice used in stage - The smoke is dry ice from solid to
gas.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgLVFSQk00Q
 https://
study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sublimation-in-chemistry-defini
tion-process-examples.html
 https://
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/subli
mation
 http://
www.ppmhcharterschool.org/ourpages/auto/2015/3/18/45324487