LASER

CONTENTS
 BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES

 CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION

 TYPES
TYPES OF
OF LASERS
LASERS

 APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS

 LASER
LASER SAFETY
SAFETY
 LASER
 LASERS
LASERS ARE
ARE DEVICES
DEVICES THAT
THAT PRODUCE
PRODUCE
INTENSE
INTENSE BEAM
BEAM OF
OF LIGHT
LIGHT WHICH
WHICH IS
IS
MONOCHROMATIC,
MONOCHROMATIC, COHERENT
COHERENT AND
AND
HIGHLY
HIGHLY COLLIMATED.
COLLIMATED.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES
 ATOMIC
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
 ENERGY
ENERGY LEVELS
LEVELS
 SPONTANEOUS
SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
EMISSION
 STIMULATED
STIMULATED EMISSION
EMISSION
 POPULATON
POPULATON INVERSION
INVERSION
 PUMPING
PUMPING
 AMPLIFICATION
AMPLIFICATION
 SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
 WHEN
WHEN THE
THE EXCITED
EXCITED ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS
RETURN
RETURN FROM
FROM THE
THE EXCITED
EXCITED STATE
STATE TO
TO
A
A LOWER
LOWER ENERGY
ENERGY LEVEL
LEVEL THEY
THEY SHED
SHED
THEIR
THEIR ENERGY
ENERGY IN IN THE
THE FORM
FORM OFOF
PHOTONS
PHOTONS OFOF ENERGY
ENERGY .. THIS
THIS PROCESS
PROCESS
IS
IS KNOWN
KNOWN AS AS SPONTANEOUS
SPONTANEOUS
EMISSION.
EMISSION.
 STIMULATED EMISSION
 WHEN
WHEN AA PHOTON
PHOTON IS
IS INCIDENT
INCIDENT ON
ON AN
AN
METASTABLE
METASTABLE ELECTRON,
ELECTRON, IT IT EMITS
EMITS
ANOTHER
ANOTHER PHOTON
PHOTON OF OF SAME
SAME WAVE
WAVE
LENGTH,
LENGTH, SAME
SAME PHASE
PHASE AND
AND IN
IN THE
THE
SAME
SAME DIRECTION
DIRECTION ASAS THE
THE INCIDENT
INCIDENT
PHOTON.
PHOTON. THIS
THIS PROCESS
PROCESS IS IS KNOWN
KNOWN
AS
AS STIMULATED
STIMULATED EMISSION.
EMISSION.
SPONTANEOUS EMISSION

STIMULATED EMISSION
 POPULATION INVERSION
 IF
IF INCIDENT
INCIDENT ENERGY
ENERGY OF
OF A A
SUBSTANCE
SUBSTANCE IS IS INCREASED,
INCREASED, MORE
MORE
AND
AND MORE
MORE ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS WILL
WILL GOGO TO
TO
AN
AN EXCITED
EXCITED STATE.
STATE. A
A TIME
TIME WILL
WILL
COME
COME WHEN
WHEN THERE
THERE ARE
ARE MORE
MORE
ELECTRONS
ELECTRONS IN IN THE
THE EXCITED
EXCITED STATE
STATE
THAN
THAN IN
IN THE
THE GROUND
GROUND STATE
STATE.. THIS
THIS IS
IS
KNOWN
KNOWN ASAS POPULATION
POPULATION INVERSION.
INVERSION.
AMPLIFICATION
CONSTRUCTION
 REQUIREMENTS FOR
LASER ACTION
 LASING MEDIUM
 MATERIAL WITH SUITABLE ENERGY
LEVEL.
 PUMP SOURCE
 MEANS OF PRODUCING POPULATION
INVERSION.
 STIMULUS SIGNAL
 MEANS FOR INTIATING STIMULATED
EMISSION.
 RUBY LASER
PUMPING OF ENERGY
 RUBY LASER
ABSORPTION OF ENERGY
LEADING TO POPULATION INVERSION
 RUBY LASER
SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
 RUBY LASER
STIMULATED EMISSION
RUBY LASER
AMPLIFICATION
RUBY LASER
LASER BEAM
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
 EXTREMELY
EXTREMELY HIGH
HIGH FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY

 TERA
TERA HERTZ
HERTZ
 COHERENT
COHERENT

 SAME
SAME PHASE
PHASE

 HIGHLY
HIGHLY COLLIMATED
COLLIMATED

 DIRECTIONAL/
DIRECTIONAL/ MIN
MIN DIVERGENCE
DIVERGENCE
 HIGH
HIGH INTENSITY
INTENSITY

 CONCENTRATED
CONCENTRATED
 MONOCHROMATIC
MONOCHROMATIC

 SINGLE
SINGLE COLOUR
COLOUR
 TYPES OF LASERS
 SOLID
SOLID STATE
STATE LASERS
LASERS
 RUBY
 RUBY LASER,
LASER, NEOUDIUM
NEOUDIUM
YAG
YAG LASER
LASER
 GAS
GAS LASERS
LASERS
 He-Ne
 He-Ne LASER,
LASER, CO
CO22 LASER
LASER
 SEMICONDUCTOR
SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS
LASERS
 GaAs
 GaAs LASER
LASER
 LIQUID
LIQUID LASERS
LASERS
 DYE
 DYE LASER
LASER
 SOLID-STATE LASERS
 THE FIRST TYPE OF LASER
WAS A RUBY LASER
DEVELOPED IN 1960.

 LASING MATERIAL IS A
SOLID MATRIX.

 NEODYMIUM YTTRIUM
ALUMINUM GARNET Nd
YAG LASER IS USED IN
RANGE FINDERS.
 GAS LASER
 FIRST DEVELOPED
IN 1964 AT BELL
LABS.
 ACTIVE MEDIUM IS
GAS(CO2 /He-Ne MIX) .
 EMITS KILOWATTS
OF INFRARED LIGHT.
 USED FOR CUTTING
HARD MATERIALS.
 SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS
 ALSO CALLED DIODE
LASERS, ARE VERY SMALL
IN SIZE.

 GENERALLY USE LOW

POWER.

 TYPICALLY EMIT A RED

BEAM OF LIGHT.

 USED IN LASER POINTERS.

 LIQUID LASER
 USE COMPLEX ORGANIC
DYES AS LASING MEDIA.

 TUNABLE OVER A
BROAD RANGE OF
WAVELENGTHS.

 USED IN MEDICAL
DIAGNOSTICS AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL
STUDIES.
 APPLICATIONS
 LASER POINTERS
 BAR CODE READERS
 CD/DVD PLAYERS
 LASER PRINTERS
 LASER RANGE FINDER
 LASER GUIDED BOMBS
 LASER LIGHT SHOWS
 TATOO/HAIR REMOVAL
 APPLICATIONS
 LASER GUNS
 RING LASER GYROS.
 LASIK LASER SURGERY
 LASER PROXIMITY FUSES
 DIAMOND CUTTING
 DAZZLERS
 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
 LASER WELDING
 LASER SIGHT
 SIZE

LASERs range in size

from microscopic
diode lasers, to football
field sized neodymium
glass lasers, used for
nuclear weapons
research and other high
energy density physics
experiments.
 LASER SAFETY
 EYES ARE MOST
SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE.

 LASERS OF WAVELENGTH <

1.4 µm CAN CAUSE EYE
DAMAGE.

 WHEN FOCUSED BY THE

CORNEA OF EYE INTO AN WARNING SYMBOL
EXTREMELY SMALL SPOT FOR LASERS
ON THE RETINA , THEY CAN
CAUSE LOCALIZED BURNING
AND PERMANENT DAMAGE
SUMMAR
Y
 HOME ASSIGNMENT

FIND HOW LASER TECHNOLOGY IS MADE

USE OF IN A LASER PRINTER AND IN A
LASER GUIDED BOMB.
QUESTIONS